母亲人格与其教养方式的关系

本研究采用问卷和实验相结合的方法,以32名1.5岁的儿童及其母亲作为研究对象,探讨母亲人格与其教养方式之间的关系.结果表明:母亲的神经质与教养方式总分和共享情感氛围呈显著负相关;母亲的经验开放性与共享情感氛围呈显著正相关;母亲的移情关怀与母子共享情感氛围及教养方式总分之间呈显著正相关;母亲的认真性、观点采择与母亲回应性呈显著正相关.为提高其教养方式的恰当性与有效性,母亲应增强积极情感的表达,增加对孩子的回应,增进自身的文化素养,促进自身人格的完善.     

论家庭因素对一体化大专成就动机的影响

本研究采用问卷法和个别访谈法,通过对一体化大专生的调查,发现其成就动机存在差异;本文还探讨了父母教养方式和家庭环境的某些因素对五年制一体化大专生这一特殊群体的学业成就动机产生了不同程度的影响,并提出了建设性的意见.     

Education,parenting and family: The social geographies of family learning

This paper explores the relationship between education, parenting and family through the prism and particularities of family learning. Family learning is an example of an educational initiative, primarily aimed at parents and linked to wider policy concerns, which can be explored through a mapping of its social geographies; family learning is played out across and productive of different sites, spaces and identities. Based on qualitative research undertaken in West London, this paper draws on individual and group interviews with mothers participating in family learning classes and interviews with family learning providers. The key argument we extend is that focusing on the social geographies of family learning ‐ of home, school, work, community and nation ‐ allows us to see how educational initiatives extend the state's reach in family life, producing particular normative versions of family and ‘good’ parenting operating at a range of interconnecting scales. Education remains a cornerstone of family policy in the UK and detailed analyses of specific initiatives at the point of implementation – how they are practiced and received – is vital for better understanding their diverse and varied effects in contemporary society.     

Parental Support and Objectively Measured Physical Activity in Children: A Yearlong Cluster-Randomized Controlled Efficacy Trial

Purpose: We studied whether physical activity (PA) counseling for parents influenced the level of parental support of children’s PA and leisure-time PA in children of different levels of initial parental support. We hypothesized that the initial level of parental support would moderate the intervention efficacy. Method: Children (n = 44, M_age = 6.09 ± 1.17 years) and their parents (n = 61) randomly assigned to an intervention group received counseling for 6 months. Children in the control group (n = 47, M_age = 6.12 ± 1.11 years) and their parents (n = 63) did not receive any counseling. Parental support was assessed using the Family Physical Activity Environment Questionnaire, and children’s leisure-time PA was recorded using triaxial accelerometers at baseline, at 6 months, and at 12 months. The efficacy of the intervention was tested by linear mixed-effects modeling adjusted for confounding variables (Model 1) and additionally for children’s participation in organized PA or sports (Model 2). Results: Parents within the lowest initial parental support intervention tertile significantly increased their support, and their children’s mean level of leisure-time PA significantly improved compared with the corresponding controls during the counseling period. On the other hand, intervention was found to have an unfavorable influence especially in the PA of children of initially highly supportive parents. Conclusion: Targeting PA counseling for parents with low support of their children’s PA could contribute to better family-based PA counseling efficacy.     

Parsing dimensions of family violence exposure in early childhood: Shared and specific contributions to emergent psychopathology and impairment

Early childhood exposure to family violence predicts increased risk for psychopathology. However, violence between partners and towards children often co-occur. This complicates efforts to determine how experiences of family violence contribute to early mental health problems. Utilizing mother-report data on harsh parenting and intimate partner violence (IPV) from two large community-based, socioeconomically and ethnically diverse samples of 3–5-year-old children, we illustrate the value of a bifactor method for characterizing a family climate in which verbal and physical violence are more chronic and pervasive among family members. In our Calibration sample (N = 1,179), we demonstrate the fit of a bifactor model with a shared violence factor reflecting violence among partners and towards children and orthogonal factors for physically harsh parenting and IPV. Examination of item distributions along quartiles on the identified factors reveals that violent behaviors are most frequent/chronic in families with high scores on the shared violence factor. Next, we apply this model in Validation (N = 1,316) and lab-visit samples (N = 369). Children’s symptoms and impairment showed relatively strong and consistent associations with the shared factor. Some unique associations with IPV and harsh parenting were also observed. Overall, patterns suggest particularly negative impact when verbal and physical violence are more chronic and pervasive among family members. Finally, evidence supporting the bifactor model’s validity relative to multi-method data from coded interviews about child abuse and IPV and observed parenting is presented. Findings illustrate the value of a bifactor approach for the meaningful characterization of shared and specific features of family violence.     

父亲的教养方式及其对子女焦虑的影响

揭示父亲教养方式主要体现在与子女游戏上,父亲与子女建立有效安全依恋、父亲对子女生活的参与程度,对其探索外部新奇世界产生重要影响,父亲还通过孩子的母亲间接地影响子女的成长。通过自下而上、自上而下和交互作用等三类研究,发现父亲教养方式与子女的焦虑存在显著高相关,继而探索加强与子女的游戏,重视与子女建立安全的依恋关系,向子女提供更多积极反馈、解释或建议,同时克服父亲自己的过度焦虑等维护子女适度焦虑的有效策略。     

基于软件代理支持的学习系统模型构建

文章提出利用一种新型的代理人—过程代理来定制学习支持服务,从而帮助在线学习的个别学习者有效地进行知识建构。首先分析了网络教学系统的现状及其存在的问题;然后构建了一个基于软件代理的学习系统模型,并分析了系统模型中的代理类型及其任务;最后对该模型如何适应个别学习者的问题也进行了相关研究。     

New Resources for Childbirth Educators and Parents

In this column, reviewers offer perspectives and comments on a variety of new media resources for childbirth educators and for expectant and new parents. The books and DVDs reviewed in this issue''s column address the following topics: new directions for childbirth education classes; pregnancy tips for expectant mothers; empowering women to give birth naturally; midwifery care; breastfeeding; labyrinths and “laborinths” (an alternative approach to preparing for birth); preterm labor; understanding newborns'' language cues; and exercise programs during pregnancy and the postnatal period, as well as exercises that strengthen the pelvic floor and help new mothers deal with incontinence.     

亲情与和谐同在——浅析亲子教育的原则及实施方法

早期亲子教育是人的生命开始的教育．对孩子早期性格的形成、能力习惯的培养起到举足轻重的作用。而当今的亲子教育中也存在亲子间互动内容单一、贫乏：亲子间“互动”方式重“惩罚”,轻“奖励”现象严重等问题。到底怎样的亲子教育才更有利于孩子的发展呢？本文主要从亲子教育平等、尊重、对话、主体问性、共同体验的原则和亲子教育中具体实施方法方面进行阐述。     

Child abuse history in teen mothers and parent–child risk processes for offspring externalizing problems

This study examined whether child abuse history in teen mothers impacts offspring externalizing problems indirectly, through its influence on attachment and maternal hostility. In a longitudinal sample of 112 teen mother–child dyads, mothers reported on their own abuse experiences, attachment and maternal hostility were assessed via direct observations, and externalizing problems were measured using maternal reports. Compared with mothers with no abuse history, mothers with a history of sexual and physical abuse were more likely to have an insecurely attached infant, which predicted higher externalizing problems in preschool, which in turn predicted subsequent increases in externalizing problems in Grade 3. Furthermore, relative to the no abuse history group, mothers with a history of sexual and physical abuse showed more hostility toward their child at preschool, which in turn predicted elevated externalizing problems in Grade 3. Mothers’ history of either sexual or physical abuse alone did not have significant indirect effects on externalizing problems. Fostering secure attachment and reducing risk for maternal hostility might be important intervention goals for prevention programs involving at-risk mothers with abuse histories.