普通中学生的家庭教养方式及其与职高生的异同

采用修订的《家庭教养方式调查表》测查了470名普通中学生的家庭教养方式,并探讨了其中247名普通高中生家庭教养方式与321名职高生家庭教养方式的异同。结果显示,由24道题组成的调查表具有较好的一致性和效度;普通高中生父母对子女的要求程度和关心程度都显著低于初中生,父母对子女的要求程度显著高于其关心程度;尽管母亲对中学男女生的教养方式没有明显差异,父亲对男生尤其是高中男生的要求程度、对女生尤其是初中女生的关心程度都明显高一些;结合两个维度对中学生家庭教养方式进行诊断之后发现,采取放任型教养方式的父母的文化程度偏低,而权威型和溺爱型的父母文化程度则较高。应用该调查表对职业高中生的测查发现了类似的规律,但职高生父母对子女的关心程度明显高于其要求程度,这与普高生父母的做法刚好相反;尽管他们采用权威型教养方式的比例差别不大,但有更多的职高生父母采取了放任型和溺爱型的教养方式,采取专制型教养方式的职高生父母相对更少。     

大学生的政治观及其与父母养育方式关系调查

采用大学生政治观问卷和父母养育方式评价量表对4所大学的556名大学生进行调查发现:(1)总体而言,当代大学生的政治观尚不够积极,尤其是政治满意度较低;(2)大学生政治观与父母养育方式存在显著相关,母亲的养育方式对大学生政治观的影响要明显大于父亲养育方式的影响;(3)回归分析和路径分析表明,母亲情感温暖的养育方式对大学生的政治观具有直接的预测效应,而惩罚严厉的养育方式既有直接预测效应也有间接预测效应。     

I blame the mother: educating parents and the gendered nature of parenting orders

There has been an increasing focus from policymakers, academics and journalists on parents as the source of their child's anti-social behaviour both in and outside of the formal school setting. One intervention proffered is the parenting order. The language of parenting orders and parenting interventions obscures a distinct truth, that parenting orders are really mothering orders. This paper draws on findings generated during interviews with 26 parents attending a parenting education programme in a city in the north of England. This paper explores the gendered nature of parental education, in that the overwhelming majority of parents ordered by the courts to attend parenting classes are women. The paper explores mothers' experiences of receiving coercive parenting education, examines the reasons why mothers were given parenting orders and explores the nature of these mothers' relationships with their child's school.     

父母教养方式与初中生孤独感的关系研究——以外来务工者及其子女为例

目的:以外来务工者及其子女为例,探讨父母教养方式和初中生孤独感的关系。方法:以父母教养方式评价量表和青少年孤独感量表为研究工具,调查74名初中生,采用相关分析与回归分析等统计方法对研究数据进行处理。结果:(1)外来务工者子女的孤独感总均分为2分;(2)初中男生和女生之间的孤独感体验没有显著差异;(3)父、母情感温暖理解和父亲过度保护因子这三个因素与外来务工者子女孤独感呈显著的负相关。进一步回归分析发现,这三个因子不仅进入了方程,且影响显著,因此能很好地预测外来务工者子女的孤独感。结论:积极的父母教养方式对外来务工者子女的孤独感起着一定的保护作用。     

父母教养方式与儿童的反应性主动性攻击

父母教养方式作为儿童发展中最重要的背景因素如何影响与塑造儿童的行为方式一直是儿童发展心理学研究的重点。文章选取了中国内陆843名初中儿童（12．66±1．34）为被试,考察了不同的教养方式与不同亚类型攻击的关系。结果显示,儿童反应性主动性攻击行为受不同类型的教养方式的影响方式显著不同。权威型的教养方式下儿童无论是反应性攻击还足主动性攻击都显著低于其他三种不利的教养方式;而三种不利的教养方式在反应性攻击上没有显著差异,但在主动性攻击上差异显著。     

父亲的教养方式及其对子女焦虑的影响

揭示父亲教养方式主要体现在与子女游戏上,父亲与子女建立有效安全依恋、父亲对子女生活的参与程度,对其探索外部新奇世界产生重要影响,父亲还通过孩子的母亲间接地影响子女的成长。通过自下而上、自上而下和交互作用等三类研究,发现父亲教养方式与子女的焦虑存在显著高相关,继而探索加强与子女的游戏,重视与子女建立安全的依恋关系,向子女提供更多积极反馈、解释或建议,同时克服父亲自己的过度焦虑等维护子女适度焦虑的有效策略。     

基于软件代理支持的学习系统模型构建

文章提出利用一种新型的代理人—过程代理来定制学习支持服务,从而帮助在线学习的个别学习者有效地进行知识建构。首先分析了网络教学系统的现状及其存在的问题;然后构建了一个基于软件代理的学习系统模型,并分析了系统模型中的代理类型及其任务;最后对该模型如何适应个别学习者的问题也进行了相关研究。     

Early parenting and the reduction of educational inequality in childhood and adolescence

Socioeconomic status (SES) differences in parenting are often implicated in widening the SES-achievement gap. Using nationally representative data (N = 12,887), the author tested for variation across SES in the types and intensity of parenting behaviors utilized and then examined SES differences in the relationship between parenting and student achievement growth from kindergarten to Grade 8. Exploratory factor analysis identifies three dimensions of early parenting: Educational engagement, stimulating parent–child interaction, and discursive discipline. Regression results indicate that all three are used most heavily by high-SES families. However, only educational engagement consistently predicts achievement growth. Surprisingly, it is positively associated with achievement for lower-, but not higher-SES students in Grades 1–8. Further, educational engagement is beneficial for low-SES children because it is particularly beneficial for low-achieving students, consistent with a compensatory hypothesis.     

Negative parental attributions mediate associations between risk factors and dysfunctional parenting: A replication and extension

The primary goal of the current study was to replicate our previous study in which was found that negative maternal attributions mediate the association between parenting stress and harsh and abusive discipline. In addition, we investigated this association in fathers, and added observational parenting data. During two home visits mothers and fathers were observed with their children (age 1.5–6.0 years), filled in questionnaires, and completed the Parental Attributions of Child behavior Task (PACT; a computerized attribution task). Similar to our previous study, negative parental attributions mediated the relation between parenting stress and self-reported harsh and abusive parenting for both mothers and fathers. For mothers, this mediation effect was also found in the relation between parenting stress and lower levels of observed supportive parenting in a challenging disciplinary task. In addition, the relation of partner-related stress and abuse risk with harsh, abusive, and (low) supportive parenting were also mediated by maternal negative attributions. When parenting stress, partner-related stress, and abuse risk were studied in one model, only parenting stress remained significant. Results are discussed in terms of the importance of targeting parental attributions for prevention and intervention purposes in families experiencing stress.     

Can supportive parenting protect against school delay amongst violence-exposed adolescents in South Africa?

Exposure to multiple forms of violence is common amongst adolescents from socioeconomically disadvantaged communities in South Africa. Adolescents’ exposure to violence at home, in school and in their communities can lead to detrimental outcomes in education. In particular, adolescents who are more frequently exposed to multiple forms of violence are at risk of school delay. This paper investigates the potential for supportive parenting to protect against adolescents’ school delay in this context. With this aim, this paper applies structural equation modelling to a sample of 503 adolescents exposed to multiple forms of violence from 40 socioeconomically disadvantaged communities. Adolescents’ self-report data on child abuse in the family, school and community, and adolescents’ perceptions of positive parenting, consistent discipline, good monitoring, parental involvement and social support were analyzed. Results showed that perceptions of more positive parenting and consistent discipline moderated the relationship between more frequent exposure to multiple forms of violence and school delay. Our findings suggest that supportive parenting has the potential to protect against school delay for poly-victimized adolescents in South Africa.