The (re)production of (dis)advantage: class-based variations in parental aspirations,strategies and practices in relation to children’s primary education

The impact of family background on academic achievement, educational trajectories and life chances more generally has been a point of interest among academics for many years. The issue has been researched both quantitatively and qualitatively, with the two traditions generating quite different pictures of family-level ‘variables’ and processes related to child outcomes and boarder inequalities in education. This paper presents evidence of how parenting aspirations, strategies and practices vary according to social class gradients and work together in a holistic way to (re)produce social advantage and disadvantage during the primary school years.     

基于整合视角的中国企业竞争优势分析

中国企业竞争优势的研究是以单一经营企业竞争优势的研究为起点和核心,逐渐演化出多元化和国际化企业竞争优势的研究.首先从竞争优势外部化、竞争优势内部化、环境与企业互动以及中国企业国际化四个视角,对单一经营企业的竞争优势进行诠释;其次,归纳了影响我国企业采取不相关多元化战略从而不能发挥组合优势的四个因素,即机会导向和制度推动、缺乏有效的外部和内部治理机制、缺乏有效管理模式的支撑以及缺乏有效的资本市场;最后,指出目前研究存在的三个比较明显的弱点是:没有将国内和国际两个市场整合考虑、没有打破“内向企业”和“外向企业”的界定以及没有打破在中国企业国际竞争力研究上由来已久的宏观视角和微观视角的划分.     

Visible pedagogic work: parenting,private tutoring and educational advantage in Australia

This article explores parents’ use of private tutoring services for their primary school children in Sydney, Australia's largest city. Using Bernstein's theories of invisible and visible pedagogies, we look, through the eyes of a small group of middle-class Chinese-background interviewees, at the tensions between certain pedagogic forms associated with private tutoring and schooling in contemporary contexts of educational competition. We show how some parents are openly seeking more explicit, visible forms of instruction through using private tutoring, to compensate for the perceived ‘invisible’, pedagogically progressive approach of Australian primary schooling. We argue that these parents’ enlistment of supplementary tutoring is a considered approach to their identification of a mismatch between (apparently) relaxed, child-centred classroom practices, and the demands of the more traditional examinations that regulate entry points to desired educational sites such as academically selective high schools and prestigious universities. Our findings show how paid tutoring is a contemporary pedagogic strategy for securing educational advantage, not just a ‘cultural’ practice prevalent among certain migrant communities, as it is often characterised. We suggest that an analytic focus on pedagogy can help connect issues of class, culture and competition in research on home–school relationships, offering a productive way for the field to respond to the tensions these issues engender.     

家庭社会经济地位、父母教养方式与儿童权利意识的相关研究

采用分层随机抽样法在济南、青岛两地的7所初级中学抽取学生897人进行问卷调查,考察儿童权利意识与家庭社会经济地位和父母教养方式的相关.研究结果如下:(1)父母教养方式对儿童的权利认知和权利行为倾向均具有显著影响.(2)在农村,中等社会经济地位儿童的权利认知和权利情感得分显著高于低社会经济地位儿童.(3)家庭社会经济地位对儿童的权利认知和权利情感具有极其显著的预测作用,家庭的社会经济地位越高,儿童的权利认知和权利情感得分越高;父母教养方式对儿童的权利行为倾向具有极其显著的预测作用,权威型教养方式下的儿童具有更强的权利行为倾向.     

Parental support of numeracy during a cooking activity with four-year-olds

While research demonstrates the importance of numeracy-related activities performed at home for young children's mathematics achievement, few studies involve observational studies of the processes which support children's mathematical learning at home. On this premise, this study reports evidence from numeracy-related interactions between parents and their four-year-old child during cookery sessions at home. Numeracy group parents who received instructions to incorporate additional mathematics into the activity provided significantly more numeracy guidance and also created more opportunities for their children to practice advanced mathematics. Comparison group parents provided enough numeracy guidance to complete the recipe but rarely provided extensive or advanced numeracy guidance. Children in the numeracy group generated significantly more correct math responses during the activity than comparison group children, though there were no significant differences on the post-test. The findings suggest the need to raise parental awareness of opportunities to support and encourage mathematics in activities at home.     

论家庭教养方式与青少年社会化

在家庭教育中,家庭教养方式是影响青少年社会化的重要因素,采取不同的家庭教养方式往往对青少年的社会化带来完全不同的效果。文章分析了不同家庭教养方式对青少年社会化的影响,并针对这些影响提出家庭教育的策略。     

初中生人际信任与父母教养方式的关系研究

运用信任量表和父母教养方式评价量表（EMBU）,对湖南的两所中学进行抽样调查,结果：初中生人际信任水平没有显著的年级、性别差异,只在依赖维度上女生略高于男生,但没有显著性差异。整体上,独生子女的人际信任水平高于非独生子女,且在人际信任总分及依赖得分上存在显著性差异。父母未离异的初中生比父母离异的初中生更多感受到父亲情感温暖与理解,而父母离异的初中生比父母未离异的初中生更多感受到母亲的过分干涉与过分保护。结论：积极的教养方式与人际信任呈正相关,消极的教养方式与人际信任呈负相关。     

Clusters of abusive parenting: A latent class analysis of families referred to Child Protective Services in Portugal

From the perspective of ecological models, it is suggested that a thorough behavior analysis of parental mistreatment and neglect is undertaken from a general approach to a more comprehensive and multi-dimensional perspective. Hence, the main goal of the present study was to determine if meaningful groups or clusters of abusive parenting in Portugal could be identified based on the characterization of the children and adolescents, their parents and context variables. An instrument was developed to assess variables of the children or adolescents, the family and the social context, all of which have been shown to be important in the literature. Child and Youth Protection Commissions from the whole of Portugal participated in the study, a total of 504 cases. Latent class analysis was applied in order to identify distinct parenting abusing behavior. The results showed four distinct clusters of families which are clearly defined in light of the types of risk and associated variables. The four groups are probabilistic and propose the composition of clusters with socio-demographic variables related to the types of risk. The significant interrelationships of different profiling characteristics are directly related to parenting abusing behavior. The results of this study confirmed our hypothesis of heterogeneous abusive parenting in Portugal. The findings yield useful policy-oriented results. Meaningfully organizing abusive parenting may be an important step not only in understanding the origins of abuse and neglect, but also in integrating this information into intervention models with children, young people and their families.     

How Moroccan mothers and fathers view child development and their role in their children's education

Despite the documented importance of parental engagement in early learning, little is known about how parents in the Middle East and North Africa understand child development. To inform the literature, a small-scale study involving four focus groups was conducted with parents of children aged six years and under living in Casablanca. The purpose of this study was to explore parents' understanding of and support for their children's early development. Results reveal that parents see a vital role for themselves in their children's upbringing as supporters and nurturers, but little role as teachers. Across different education and income levels, parents in this small-scale qualitative study believe that children's experiences in their first years of life do not affect their longer-term intellectual development or school success and see little value in early intellectual stimulation or formal preschool education. Our results suggest that parents need to understand their role as their child's first educators. Also, it is essential that parents are taught how to promote their children's early cognitive development without undermining their nurturing roles.     

Perceived Information Exchange and Health Control Expectancies as Influenced by a Patient's Medical Interview Situation

The purpose of this study was to examine how a patient's medical interview situation influences the relationship between the health locus of control and information exchange. Participants included 537 people who completed the Multidimensional Health Locus of Control Scale and the patient version of the Medical Communication Competence Scale in reference to their last health care visit. The results indicated that the situation surrounding the medical interview influenced the relationship between the health locus of control and information exchange.