硅氧烷表面活性剂在化妆品中的应用

介绍了硅氧烷表面活性剂的结构，种类和性能，及硅氧烷表面活性剂和其改性产品在化妆品中的使用。     

声乐教学中的头腔共鸣

美声歌唱对声音的要求是:用圆润、流畅、光彩和有穿透力的声音即产生了共鸣的声音唱出动听的歌曲。头腔共鸣是人体内部最高位置的共鸣,它能把整个声区的声音统一到高位置上,让声音产生出色彩和穿透力。为了让学习者找到头腔共鸣,应在明确“大小半圆”的概念、关系及运动规律后,再进行口腔肌肉训练和吐字训练,只有这样才能让声音更完美,达到美声的要求。     

The effect of shoe type on gait in forefoot strike runners during a 50-km run

PurposeTo observe the relative change in foot-strike pattern, pressure characteristics, surface electromyography (sEMG) recordings, and stride characteristics in forefoot strike runners wearing both minimalist and traditional shoes during a 50-km run.MethodsFour experienced minimalist runners were enrolled in this study. Each runner ran a 50-km simulated run in both minimalist shoes and traditional shoes. Pressure data, sEMG recordings, and limited 3D motion capture data were collected during the initial 0.8 km and final 0.8 km for each trial.ResultsThree runners in the traditional shoe type condition and one runner in the minimalist shoe type condition demonstrated a more posterior initial contact area (midfoot strike (MFS) pattern) after the 50-km run, which was supported by increased activity of the tibialis anterior in the pre-contact phase (as per root mean square (RMS) values). In addition, in both pre- and post-run conditions, there were increased peak pressures in the minimalist shoe type, specifically in the medial forefoot. Muscle fatigue as defined by a decreased median frequency observed in isometric, constant force contractions did not correspond with our hypothesis in relation to the observed foot strike change pattern. Finally, step rate increased and step length decreased after the 50-km run in both shoe type conditions.ConclusionMore runners adopted a more posterior initial contact area after the 50-km run in the traditional shoe type than in the minimalist shoe type. The runners who adopted a more posterior initial contact area were more closely associated with an increased median frequency of the medial gastrocnemius, which suggests there may be a change in motor unit recruitment pattern during long-distance, sustained velocity running. The increased peak pressures observed in the medial forefoot in the minimalist shoe type may predispose to metatarsal stress fractures in the setting of improper training.     

Characterization of surface EMG signals using improved approximate entropy

An improved approximate entropy （ApEn） is presented and applied to characterize surface electromyography （sEMG） signals. In most previous experiments using nonlinear dynamic analysis, this certain processing was often confronted with the problem of insufficient data points and noisy circumstances, which led to unsatisfactory results. Compared with fractal dimension as well as the standard ApEn, the improved ApEn can extract information underlying sEMG signals more efficiently and accurately. The method introduced here can also be applied to other medium-sized and noisy physiological signals.     

Systematic reduction of leg muscle activity throughout a standard assessment of running footwear

Purpose:This study aimed to investigate whether there is a systematic change of leg muscle activity,as quantified by surface electromyography(EMG),throughout a standard running footwear assessment protocol at a predetermined running speed.Methods:Thirty-one physically active adults(15 females and 16 males) completed 5 testing rounds consisting of overground running trials at a speed of 3.5 m/s.The level of muscle activity from 6 major leg muscles was recorded using surface EMG.The variables asse...