脑死亡与死亡判定方案的抉择

是否需用脑死亡取代传统死亡标准的问题，其实最终不是事实认定的科学问题，而是是否有收益或收益大小的价值问题。经分析，用脑死亡作标准的死亡判定方案既存在有利的一面，也存在有弊的一面。虽然更进一步的分析表明，脑死亡的判定方案总的说来是利大于弊，但也不等于它就是我们应当选取的最好的死亡判定方案。最好的死亡判定方案其实是心死亡的死亡标准与脑死亡的死亡标准并用，以脑死亡判定标准作传统死亡标准的必要补充。     

Voices of teacher candidates of color on white race evasion: ‘I worried about my safety!’

Abstract

This qualitative study investigated the negative impacts minority teacher candidates receive from white teacher candidates in a required multicultural education class. The findings reveal that four teacher candidates of color had difficulty positioning themselves among the overwhelming silencing power of whiteness in the class. The white students were tactful at evading power and race and flattening the existing hierarchical power relations through the discourses of colorblindness and by preying on the minority instructor. Their understanding of diversity was also shallow. On the other hand, the teacher candidates of color were afraid that they might be labeled as the ones who spoke up against the white students and fearful of the possibility of retaliation and ostracism from the white peers. It seems that the teacher education program’s structure allowed the white candidates to impose strong negative peer pressure on the teacher candidates of color.     

基于极限尺寸窜动的零件假废品判别

对零件产生假废品的原因进行分析，提出了基于极限尺寸窜动的假废品判别方法，并指出了零件假废品出现的区域、零件假废品区域同基准不重合误差的关系。     

The role of feedback from the school leader during teacher evaluation for teacher and school improvement

Since the turn of the century, teacher evaluation has been introduced around the world with the intent to improve teaching. However, in the literature on teacher evaluation, often findings reveal critical accounts about the effectiveness of feedback in teacher evaluation for teacher and school improvement. This article presents a qualitative study in eight schools where teachers did indicate to find the feedback they discussed with school leaders during teacher evaluation processes useful. In this study, we investigate whether we can identify what teachers actually do with this feedback and which factors contribute to their response. Our findings demonstrate the importance of school organizational characteristics and an integrated leadership approach for the feedback response of teachers. Also, our findings reveal how teacher evaluation is used in these schools to further school improvement.     

一种医疗诊断专家系统的设计与实现

针对目前公众自行购买非处方药治疗常见轻微疾病的过程中存在的问题,提出了开发基于Web的常见疾病自我诊断系统。该系统采用带有可信度的产生式规则表示法来表示常见病诊断知识,采用正反向混合推理模式,通过可信度的传递以及结论阈值的设定,实现了疾病诊断的数字化。经测试,系统诊断准确度达83%。本系统对完善常见病诊断方式、指导公众安全使用非处方药具有积极的作用。     

论儿童文学作者的修养

儿童文学对其创作者有着与成人文学作者明显不同的要求，它需要具有爱心、尊重少年儿童的心理年龄特征与个性发展的品质及培养创新能力与审美能力的意识。     

Sharing teacher knowledge at scale: teacher inquiry,learning design and the representation of teachers’ practice

Sharing teachers’ professional knowledge remains challenging. Teachers’ development often remains ad hoc or local, and attempts to scale this up have proved problematic. To address this, research in areas such as ‘learning design’ has explored the use of formal representations of practice. This proposes that educational practice can be improved by documenting, sharing and building on what teachers already do. Whilst this has led to some successes, it has not resulted in the widespread transformation of practice. This paper reviews the literature about sharing teacher knowledge. The challenges of scaling up development are then considered in relation to two theories that help explain the challenges: Communities of Practice and Sociomateriality. This analysis is illustrated through case studies in Norway and the UK. These show that teachers already create and share artefacts that represent their pedagogic knowledge. However, they found formal representations, such as learning designs, difficult to work with. The paper concludes that scaling up teacher development using abstract formalisms is unlikely to succeed. Instead, teachers value stories and the materials they already create in their day-to-day practice. It is this intermediate level of representation, between direct experience and formal abstraction, that offers the most promise for sharing practice.     

适用于数据分类的极限学习机优化算法

针对极限学习机参数优化问题,提出量子遗传算法优化极限学习机的方法（QGA-ELM）。在该方法中,对ELM的输入权值和隐含层阈值采用量子比特编码,并将其映射为QGA的染色体,QGA的适应度函数为对应ELM的分类精度;通过QGA的量子旋转门优化出输入权值与隐含层阈值,以此训练出分类精度更高的ELM,从而改善ELM的泛化性能。通过ELM和QGA-ELM对数据集的仿真结果对比表明,QGA-ELM有效地提升了ELM网络的分类精度。     

当代西方教师专业学习共同体的理论与实践

随着教师专业化发展和不断提高教育质量的迫切要求,当代西方专业学习共同体理论也应运而生。在历经了共同体理论、学习型组织理论、学习共同体理论之后,教师专业学习共同体理论也逐渐完善,并在促进教师专业发展的实践中产生了非常积极的作用。成功的专业学习共同体不仅具有共享和支持性的领导、共同的价值观和愿景、共同学习和应用、共享的个人实践、支持性条件等五个特征,而且还具有专注于学习、合作的文化、聚焦于成果等基本理念。     

我国本科层次教师教育专业人才培养方案研究

通过对30所院校的192份本科层次的教师教育专业或师范专业人才培养方案的分析发现,当前师范专业培养人才的类型、胜任工作类型和适于任职单位都呈现出多样化特点;不同培养方案对培养目标和培养规格应该包括哪些内容没有形成一致的意见;培养方案对教师培养的认识存在差异,尤其是对未来教师需要掌握哪些知识、能力、职业道德存在不同的理解,对未来教师是否需要掌握这些内容也有不同的认识;培养方案没有借鉴当前教师培养、教师知识的研究成果。本研究对培养方案的改进提出建议。