The Byzantines and Saladin: Some Further Arguments

This is the second of two articles by the same author arguing against the thesis that there was a conspiracy between the Byzantine emperors and Saladin, sultan of Egypt and Syria, against the crusader states and the Third Crusade in the 1180s. While the focus of the first article was primarily on the Latin sources, the present study shifts the focus to the Arabic primary material, hitherto largely neglected or inadequately treated by modern historians. Through a critical re-examination and re-interpretation of the Arabic sources, backed by the introduction and discussion of new Latin material when necessary, this article presents expanded arguments on the relations between the Byzantine Empire, the Sultanate of Konya and Saladin in the 1180s. The conclusions lend further support to the view that the Byzantine rulers and Saladin never concluded an alliance against the Latin settlers of Outremer and the Third Crusade.     

Government,Church and Māori Responses to Mākutu (Sorcery) in New Zealand in the Nineteenth and Early Twentieth Centuries

ABSTRACT

Traditionally Māori attributed disease to supernatural causes, including mākutu (sorcery) and, as with some other indigenous cultures, considered that killing sorcerers was both just and right. Belief in mākutu ran counter to the Church's desire to gain religious primacy, and mākutu-related murders challenged the State's claim to sovereignty, and its desire to ‘civilize’ Māori. Each indigenous society possesses unique characteristics, just as the nature of each settler society develops within its own environment. While some similarities with other colonized societies can be identified, distinctive local conditions influenced the relationship of Māori to the New Zealand colonial state, and thus attitudes and actions relating to sorcery-related crime. This article explores how mākutu brought Māori communities into conflict with both Church and State, and how the latter in particular was constrained by political realities. As the nineteenth century came to an end, the murders had largely ceased and the State and Church became more concerned with Māori spiritual healers. The article also shows that Māori reformers in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries took a lead in changing Māori attitudes.     

Islamic Historians of the Ayyūbid Era and Muslim Rulers from the Early Crusading Period: A Study in the Use of History

This article examines the presentation of Muslim rulers from the early crusading period, 490–540/1097–1146 in six of the main chronicles written during the first half of the seventh/thirteenth century. It discusses the themes, ideas and topoi in each, demonstrating that the historians appear to have been divided into two ‘camps’ over their presentation of these rulers, based on their personal views of the rulers of their time. The article also examines why this division may have occurred, and considers its ramifications for modern scholarship of Arabic historiography, Islamic history and the history of the Crusades, in both the sixth/twelfth and seventh/thirteenth centuries.     

青少年400m运动员训练手段与应注意的问题

本文根据400m运动项目和青少年运动员身体发育的特殊情况,并通过查阅相关文献资料,总结了近些年来国内青少年400m运动员训练的手段和在训练中应注意的问题。希望通过本文的研究,能为我国青少年400运动训练水平的提高提供理论依据。     

王军霞、曲云霞破3000米跑世界纪录时的技术特征

采用影片解析与生物力学分析法,揭示了王军霞、曲云霞3000米跑的分段时间与速度节奏、步长与步频的变化规律、下肢支撑与摆动等主要技术特征。     

对男子110m栏技术要素的分析研究

跨栏技术的实效性、环节技术的熟练性、专业特点的经济性和反映这三个特性的几个技术如“直线性、节奏性、摆动腿技术、腿臂配合技术” ,构成了现代 110m跨栏跑技术的特点 ,使其更趋完善和合理。通过对 110m跨栏跑现代技术要素的分析 ,揭示了现代 110m跨栏跑的技术特点及理论依据 ,对男子 110m跨栏的教学、训练提供借鉴     

影响我国优秀女子400 m跨栏跑运动成绩的主要因素分析

通过查阅国内外大量的文献研究资料,并通过问卷调查和走访国家田径队教练、有关专家、教授及相关的国际健将级运动员,对调查获得的原始数据进行了统计处理,相关回归分析表明,影响我国优秀女子400m跨栏跑运动成绩的主要因素应包括身体特征、身体素质训练水平、栏间跑节奏、速度分配和跨栏技术。     

女生跨栏跑相关素质因素主次的确定

本试验以提高女生100m跨栏教学效果为目的,选择了与100m跨栏相关的三个因素进行教学试验,其结果经方差分析效果显著。     

男子l500m跑时身体各环节输出功的初步研究

运动高速摄影和跑台气体代谢法对男子中长跑运动员进行了研究。通过测定运动员1500m跑步过程中身体各环节输出功,发现运动员身体各环节输出功的比例关系为;摆动腿占比例最大,其次是支撑腿,上肢和躯干的输出功的比例相当,头部所占比例很小。运动员跑步过程中,环节内和环节之间存在能量转换,且环节之间能量转换是主要的。