Examining the “Blanket of Protection” Conferred by Inoculation: The Effects of Inoculation Messages on the Cross-protection of Related Attitudes

Although the effectiveness of inoculation as a strategy for promoting resistance to attitude change is fairly well established, the potential of inoculation messages to offer cross-protection for related, but untreated, attitudes warrants additional attention from scholars. The reported study tested the “blanket of protection” conferred by inoculation. Participants (N = 118) were randomly assigned to read an inoculation message addressing a target topic and subsequently had their attitudes toward three related, but untreated, topics attacked. The results offer some evidence that inoculation messages can confer cross-protection for related attitudes. Participants in the inoculation condition reported greater perceptions of threat, greater counterarguing, and less attitude change in response to attacks than participants in the control condition for two of the three untreated topics. Counterarguing in response to attacks on untreated attitudes appears to be primarily responsible for cross-protection.     

吴闽语进行体和持续体的语法化序列分析

莆仙方言的进行体和持续体标记来源于处所词,这是吴语和闽语的共同特征.但莆仙方言的这两种体标记来源于处所代词"即、许",而不是方位后缀或动介词,这又不同于吴语与闽语的其他方言.本文先描写莆仙方言的进行体和持续体特征,然后结合吴闽语其他八种方言的资料,分析进行体和持续体标记的语法化序列,从而观察其演变发展的过程.     

The different faces of controlling teaching: implications of a distinction between externally and internally controlling teaching for students’ motivation in physical education

Background: In Self-Determination Theory (SDT), a well-validated macro-theory on human motivation, a distinction is made between internally controlling teaching practices (e.g. guilt-induction and shaming) and externally controlling practices (e.g. threats and punishments, commands). While both practices are said to undermine students’ motivation, they would do so through somewhat differential motivational processes. Unfortunately, the relevance of the conceptual distinction between internally and externally controlling strategies has not been examined systematically. In the context of sport and physical education (PE), most studies on controlling teaching have either measured controlling teaching in an undifferentiated way or have focused on one particular feature of controlling teaching.

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to provide a more fine-grained picture on the differential de-motivational effects of internally and externally controlling teaching strategies in the domain of PE.

Participants: A total of 925 students with an average age of 15.80 years (±1.99) coming out of 92 classes taught by 22 different PE teachers participated in the present study.

Data analysis: Data on perceived controlling teaching style and students’ motivation were analyzed within a multilevel framework from both a variable-centered (regression analyses) and person-centered approach (cluster analyses).

Results: We found evidence for a distinction between perceived internally and externally controlling teaching. Both teaching styles were strongly related to each other (r?=?.54). At the level of zero-order correlations, both internally and externally controlling teaching related negatively to students’ intrinsic motivation and identified regulation and related positively to introjected regulation, external regulation, and amotivation. However, when both teaching styles were included simultaneously as predictors of motivation in the regression analyses, only internally controlling teaching predicted poor quality and low quantity of motivation. A cluster analysis revealed different profiles of perceived controlling teaching style, with two profiles being characterized by either high or low levels of the two types of controlling teaching and other profiles displaying elevated or reduced levels of one of the types of controlling teaching. This person-centered analysis confirmed that particularly students who perceive their PE teacher as internally controlling are likely to report poor-quality motivation.

Conclusion: Controlling teaching (and internally controlling teaching in particular) is related to maladaptive motivational outcomes. As such, it can be advised to PE-practitioners to refrain from using controlling strategies when teaching students. More research is needed to identify the conditions under which teachers’ behavior is perceived as externally and/or internally controlling.     

邓小平对马克思主义中国化的重大贡献

20世纪是科学社会主义在全世界取得突破、形成阵营、遭遇曲折、艰难奋起的世纪。在这一世纪里，世界社会主义运动一直面临着三个世纪性难题：“什么是马克思主义、怎样坚持和发展马克思主义”，“什么是社会主义、怎样建设社会主义”，“建设什么样的党、怎样建设党”。邓小平对马克思主义中国化的重大贡献就在于他从中国面临的国情世情出发，从总结历史经验、实现思想路线上的拨乱反正入手，进行全面改革，破解了这些难题，创立了中国特色社会主义的初步形态，坚持、继承并发展了马克思主义、社会主义，成了在当代中国发展的新阶段。     

基于图书馆数据的出版经营策略探析--以上海图书馆为例

以具有全国最大业务量的上海图书馆联合体累积的图书流通数据、读者个人数据、年度阅读数据、即时数据为例,论述如何利用这些从海量信息中提炼的数据,以给出版社的选题开发、信息推送、阅读推广、图书营销提供重要参考。文章最后探讨出版社在利用图书馆数据时需要突破的瓶颈。     

"攻乎异端,斯害也已"解析--兼论中国思想专制主义之源流及危害

《论语》是儒家的主要经典,对它的解读格外引人注目,其中重要的一面即是方法.本文认为用文本解读文本的方法来解读《论语》,即用孔子的话来解释孔子,更能维护古典文本中孔子思想的准确性和完整性.     

"天下东林讲学书院"的实态性分析

天启五年(1625),诏毁"天下东林讲学书院"。涉其名目者,以东林为中心,兼及首善、关中、江右、徽州等书院。主持者均入东林党籍,学术旨向皆问道东林,力主正学。密切的盟员关系,开放的学术交流,在生存抑或毁灭的党争大背景下,一扫王学之流弊,复揭程朱之中天。     

我国义务教育阶段贫困生救助的理论分析

教育是人类文明的产物，教育水平是国家兴衰的标志。我国现在基本上普及了九年义务教育。但现实中依然有大量适龄儿童失学辍学，这一状况引起了各界的普遍关注。但我国近几年人们对贫困生救助问题的关注更多的是集中在大学贫困生救助上，对义务教育阶段贫困生问题的普遍性和严峻性没有充分的认识。文章从义务教育的性质和意义、教育公平、义务教育阶段贫困生救助增进社会整体利益的最大化采探讨我国义务教育阶段的贫困生救助问题。     

从第三种力量到北大西洋联盟——战后初期英国均势政策的变化

战后初期，英国外交经历了从寻求建立第三种力量，企图与美苏平起平坐，到推动建立北大西洋联盟，拉住美国保卫欧洲和英国的安全的变化过程。这一转变受英国国力衰弱、美国的欧洲政策、冷战的爆发的影响。     

论乌兰夫关于党领导内蒙古民族区域自治思想--为乌兰夫诞辰一百周年而作

乌兰夫关于党领导内蒙古民族实现区域自治思想主要包括:为什么只有中国共产党才能充当内蒙古民族实现民族区域自治的领导者,中国共产党是怎样领导内蒙古民族实现民族区域自治的,如何保障中国共产党对内蒙古民族实现民族区域自治的领导等内容。