试论大众文化对儿童文学成人化的影响

儿童文学的成人化在近年来已是不争的事实,在作品、作家、读者和儿童世界四方面都有了明显的表现。而儿童以及儿童文学的成人化,正是由于大众文化的商业特性、大众传媒的高度发达和消费文化的特点所决定的。但我们仍应该适当地保护儿童的“不知情权”。     

Adjunct question effects with review

The effects on retention of adjunct questions either placed at the end of a passage or inserted after their respective paragraphs within the passage were examined. The high school subjects were encouraged to review the materials after encountering the questions, a departure from traditional procedures in the field. Both treatments led to superior retention of the previously questioned facts when compared to a passage-only control group, but did not increase retention of previously unquestioned facts. The position of the adjunct questions did not differentially affect performance. The discrepancy of the results from those traditionally reported are interpreted in terms of the procedures employed.     

Finding and explaining differences: A reply to Gudykunst and Hammer

A rejoinder to Gudykunst and Hammer's critique of a recent paper is presented. We argue that their position is based on two mutually exclusive propositions and cannot therefore be credible. We continue to maintain that the evidence on intercultural effectiveness shows both culture-general and culture-specific components.     

Journal acquisition—cost effectiveness of models

This paper attempts to compare some of the available models for journal acquisition and indicates their utility in library acquisitions.     

Problems of secondary education in rural Iran: An anthropological view1

Statistics on implementing secondary education in rural Iran indicate that such a process has not been successful. Data gathered by the author during 1974/75 fieldwork support such a conclusion. It is suggested that lack of success of secondary education in rural Iran may be attributed to some cultural and economic factors which vary for men and women. The importance of the modesty code and observation of purdah (seclusio?) may account for the low enrollment of females in secondary education in rural areas. However, the need for agricultural laborers in the villages may account for the low attendance of males. Background to the development of modern education is presented.     

The role of fantasy figures in the regulation of young children's behavior: Santa Claus,the Easter Bunny,and donations

The present study examined the influence of Santa Claus and the Easter Bunny on children's donations near the Easter season. Kindergarten and first-grade children were asked to tell stories about Santa Claus, the Easter Bunny, or pets, for which they received nine pieces of gum. They were then encouraged to donate any amount of their gum to handicapped children. Main effects were found only for grade, with first-grade children donating significantly more than kindergarten children. In addition, a significant interaction was obtained between grade and type of story elicited from the child. This interaction revealed that for kindergarten children, the type of story failed to influence donations, whereas for first-grade children, stories referring to Santa Claus increased donations relative to stories told about the Easter Bunny or pets.     

Social and emotional problems associated with integration in the Israeli junior high school

Teachers and pupils in 28 integrated junior high schools in Israel were interviewed and observed to determine the kinds of social and emotional problems encountered in integrated schools. Though these schools are mandated to achieve both academic and social goals, academic aspects of schooling are inordinately stressed while the social goal is neglected. This strategy has major implications for teaching methods, curriculum, tracking, extra-curricular activities and staff morale. Furthermore, while bright, achieving disadvantaged pupils tend to gain socially and emotionally from this strategy, most disadvantaged children sustain significant losses in the social and emotional spheres and meaningful ethnic integration in the school is not achieved. It is recommended that the school invest greater resources in enhancing pupils' social and emotional development and that there be a dual emphasis in integrated schools on academic and personal development. Implementation of this recommendation requires retraining teachers to provide them with concrete skills in both areas that can be applied in the heterogeneous class.     

"对解释进行解释"--以鲁迅《并非闲话》为个案试论杂文意指实现方式

杂文意指过程中,往往需要对“元语言“话语系统中所作的“解释“进行“再解释“,以探察“元语言“话语系统中存在的矛盾性痕迹与消解性缝隙,实现对“元语言“话语系统的解构,并作出有利于“新元语言“话语系统的阐释,由此展开“新元语言“话语系统的建构.“对解释进行解释“,更全面真实地描述了杂文意指的整个实现过程,可以充当杂文的一种意指实现方式.     

Understanding others Kellyian theory,methodology and applicationComprendre les autres la théorie de Kelly: methodologie et applicationEntendimiemto de los otros la teoría de Kelly: metodología y applicación

This article discusses Kelly's theory of personal constructs and its Repertory grid technique as means of revealing the nature of cultural differences and similarities. It shows how Kelly's theory relates to cognitive theory, implicit personality theory and subjective culture theory. According to Kelly, people and groups are best understood in terms of the ways they anticipate events. People are all psychologists since they employ constructs. These bases of discrimination are bipolar in nature and open to revision. A group's culture is summarized by its members' shared superordinate constructs. Kelly's Commonality Corollary explains that members of a group are similar because they use the same constructs to order events. Kelly's Sociality Corollary states that, in order to enter into a relationship with others, people need first to subsume the others' personal constructs. His custom-built Repertory grid elicits constructs by having a person decide how in a matrix other people, for example, are similar and different. In the rated grid form, each person or element is rated from most to least on the positive pole of each construct. Either principal components or cluster analysis or multidimensional scaling can reveal the interviewed person's superordinate dimensions of appraisal. As an emic technique, the grid is contrasted with the semantic differential and other fixed-format tests. A review of the personal construct literature shows that many individuals and cultural groups have been explained in their own terms. In this research, difference is construed as interesting and others are understood by construing their construction processes as a first step towards approval.     

深化教学改革提高办学质量--谈西安体育学院成人教育的特点

在不断扩大办学规模的今天 ,如何保证体育函授教学的质量 ,这就给我们成教工作者提出了新问题。对西安体育学院成人函授教育工作的经验进行了总结 ,提出“八个从严”是保证体育函授教学质量的重要条件。