美国高校教师入职门槛及启示

教师的优劣被认为直接影响到孩子的学业成功与否。美国十分重视教师的聘用与选拔。文章拟从美国高校教师的入职要求,教育专业博士课程的设置,以及高校教师的入职培训等来看美国高校教师的入职门槛,以期为我国高校教师的选拔与培养提供借鉴。     

Parents’ PTSD symptoms and child abuse potential during the perinatal period: Direct associations and mediation via relationship conflict

BackgroundPosttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) symptoms are associated with parental aggression towards children, but little is known about the relation between parents’ PTSD symptoms and their risk for perpetrating child physical abuse during the early parenting years, when the potential for prevention of abuse may be highest.ObjectiveTo examine direct associations between mothers’ and fathers’ PTSD symptoms and child abuse potential, as well as indirect effects through couple relationship adjustment (i.e., conflict and love) in a high-risk sample of parents during the perinatal period, most of whom were first-time parents.Participants and settingFrom March 2013 to August 2016, data were collected from 150 expecting or new parental dyads in which the mother was participating in a home visiting program.MethodsData were analyzed using the Actor-Partner Interdependence Mediation Model.ResultsFor mothers and fathers, there were direct associations between PTSD symptom severity and child abuse potential (βs = .51, ps <.001), and this association for fathers was stronger at higher levels of mothers’ PTSD symptoms (β = .15, p = .03). In addition, parents’ own and their partners’ PTSD symptoms were each indirectly associated with parents’ own child abuse potential through parents’ report of interparental conflict (standardized indirect effects = .052–.069, ps = .004) but not love.ConclusionsAddressing parents’ PTSD symptoms and relationship conflict during the perinatal period using both systemic and developmental perspectives may uniquely serve to decrease the risk of child physical abuse and its myriad adverse consequences.     

衡水湖国家级自然保护区湿地景观格局演变分析

基于1987年、1997年和2005年3期TM遥感数据,对衡水湖的湿地景观空间格局及其演变进行分析,结果表明：该区域以农田为景观基质,水体和芦苇沼泽交错分布构成区域湿地生境的主体斑块,其余景观类型呈以小尺度斑块散布于区域中。保护区湿地景观改变较明显,湿地由1987年的20.2%上升到1997年的23.4%,2005年占到22.3%,农田向湿地类型的转变最为显著,农田和湿地类型之间的动态转换关系很大程度上决定了保护区土地利用结构和景观格局的演变。从景观类型水平来看,表现为水体的平均斑块面积增加,由1987年的3.5187hm²减到1997年的2.0187hm²到2005年为4.3997hm²,破碎度指数下降;聚合度指数和最大斑块指数先降后升,而连接度指数先增后减;芦苇沼泽平均斑块面积下降明显,由1987年的2.6169hm²降到1997年的0.5437hm²,到2005年为0.3558hm²,且形状日趋复杂自然,最大斑块指数和聚合度指数持续减少,而连接度指数的变化趋势则相反,但总体上芦苇沼泽沼泽小面积斑块数量仍占相当比例,破碎化程度仍维持较高水平。在景观整体水平上,保护区的景观多样性和均匀度指数呈缓慢上升趋势,破碎化指数由1987年的51.068增到1997年的74.0985后2005年减为37.88,以农田为景观基质的蔓延度指数则先降后升。景观格局分析表明,衡水湖保护区湿地面积逐步恢复,破碎化程度降低且景观日趋多样化,连通性虽不及1987年历史最高水平却呈加强趋势,湿地生境质量得到优化,2005年湿地恢复的景观格局的空间配置达到3个时期的历史最高水平,也体现了保护区规划管理取得一定成效。     

某超临界机翼风洞模型转捩方式研究

本文介绍了风洞试验转捩技术的常规方法和应用,通过对某超临界机翼在风洞试验中自由转捩和固定转捩对阻力的影响结果,结合该机翼的压力分布云图进行了分析,提出了超临界机翼在风洞试验中模拟转捩时的方法。     

Guideposts and Roadblocks to the Career-Long Scholarly Engagement of Physical Education Teacher Education Faculty

Purpose: Scholarship is essential for the growth and development of the physical education field. Over time, scholarship expectations have changed, forcing faculty members to alter time spent for research, teaching, and service. Social-cognitive career theory (SCCT) presents a model for understanding performance and persistence in an occupational environment. The interconnected aspects of SCCT have different emphasis related to self-efficacy, outcome expectations, or personal goals pursuit. This study explored physical education teacher education (PETE) faculty members’ continuing engagement in scholarly activity through SCCT. Method: Data collection included interviews with 9 senior PETE faculty members who met the criteria for “productive scholars over time.” Curriculum vitae were collected to verify productivity. Results: Data analysis revealed guidepost themes that included collaborating, finding balance, defining a research process, and maintaining a strong work ethic. Roadblocks encountered included other obligations and lack of support for research. Conclusions: Participants demonstrated strong self-efficacy; held high, positive expectations for success; and set very specific, clear, and deliberate goals. Participant behavior was moderated by their personal attributes (capacity to build relationships, set goals, and maintain interest and passion) and was tempered by the environments in which they worked. Fostering similar behaviors has the potential to guide future and current PETE faculty members in creating supportive and encouraging atmospheres for sustained productivity. The lack of literature relating to this topic warrants the need for more research exploring the influential factors and benefits gained from sustained scholarly productivity over time for PETE faculty members.     

竞技武术套路运动员转项成才个案研究

文章主要运用深度访谈法,通过以2009年空手道世界锦标赛个人型项目季军黄少青为访谈对象进行个案研究,对竞技武术套路运动员成功转项为空手道个人型项目运动员并获得优异成绩的现象进行初步的探究与分析。结论认为：竞技武术套路运动员转为空手道个人型项目运动员有很大的优势,也存在困难;通过转项后的刻苦训练成才的希望大,且成才年限较短;转项之初的心理压力要及时调整。     

Health Worry,Physical Activity Participation,and Walking Difficulty Among Older Adults

This study examined the effect of health worry (i.e., cognitive aspect of anxiety resulting from concern for health) on walking difficulty in a nationally representative sample (N = 7,527) of older adults (M age = 76.83 years). The study further tested whether physical activity mediates the effect of health worry on walking difficulty in a 6-year follow-up design. Results of a mediation analysis using structural equation modeling showed that people with a high degree of health worry engaged in less physical activity (β = -.24, p < .001), and people who participated in less physical activity were more likely to report walking difficulty at the 6-year follow-up (β = -.22, p < .001). There was a significant indirect effect from health worry to walking difficulty through physical activity (β = .05, p < .001), controlling for demographic, psychosocial, and health related factors. Results suggested that inducing threat and worry may not be effective for physical activity promotion in the older population. More promising coping and regulation strategies are discussed.     

Can cities shape socio-technical transitions and how would we know if they were?

This paper asks two - relatively simple - questions: can cities shape socio-technical transitions? And how would we know if they were? There are three key objectives. The first of these is to set out emerging, and in our view, convincing evidence, that large world cities have political aspirations to develop purposive and managed change in the socio-technical organisation of infrastructure networks that can be characterised as ‘systemic’ transitions. The second objective is conceptual in orientation and seeks to address how we understand transitions at the scale of the city, the role of ‘the city’ in undertaking transitions, and review both the strengths and shortcomings of the multi-level perspective (MLP) on socio-technical transitions in addressing this. The third objective is to identify what an urban transition would look like, and then constructs a new framework to conceptualise and research urban transitions. The paper then summarises the key aspects and implications of our argument.     

中国劳动力市场运行轨迹及其发展障碍分析

在中国长达 40年之久的传统就业制度中 ,基本上不存在一般意义上的劳动力市场。单一就业格局的突破始于 2 0世纪 80年代初政府推出的“三结合”就业方针 ,而劳动力市场的形成则以国有企业中劳动合同制的推行 ,进而“再就业工程”的实施为标志。初步确立后的劳动力市场虽取得一定成就 ,但其发育并不平衡 ,并且市场自身的缺陷、市场供求主体的不明晰、工资调节机制不健全以及相关法律基础的不充分也在制约劳动力市场的进一步发育和完善 ,需要借助政府行为 ,通过深化改革 ,推进劳动力市场化进程     

科举废止前后维新派“科举观”的转变及启示——以梁启超等为例

科举制度废止前后,维新派的一些领袖人物对待科举的态度发生了明显的变化,梁启超是其中的著名代表。晚清时期,他们从不同的角度对科举制度进行了批判,推动了科举制度的废止。制度废止以后,鉴于对当时社会现象以及西学了解的加深,他们对科举制度又进行了重新的合理评价。这种转变过程打上了深深的时代与个人烙印,反映了他们随着社会发展对科举制度存与废的理性思考。