Functional equivalence or behavioural matching? A critical reflection on 15 years of research using the PETTLEP model of motor imagery

Motor imagery, or the mental rehearsal of actions in the absence of physical movement, is an increasingly popular construct in fields such as neuroscience, cognitive psychology and sport psychology. Unfortunately, few models of motor imagery have been postulated to date. Nevertheless, based on the hypothesis of functional equivalence between imagery, perception and motor execution, Holmes and Collins in 2001 developed the PETTLEP model of motor imagery in an effort to provide evidence-based guidelines for imagery practice in sport psychology. Given recent advances in theoretical understanding of functional equivalence, however, it is important to provide a contemporary critical reflection on motor imagery research conducted using this model. The present article addresses this objective. We begin by explaining the background to the development of the PETTLEP model. Next, we evaluate key issues and findings in PETTLEP-inspired research. Finally, we offer suggestions for, and new directions in, research in this field.     

动态对等理论指导下的英文商务合同翻译

在全球经济一体化的今天,国际商务合同为本土企业与国外企业的商务往来提供保障,商务合同的翻译就显得尤其重要。本文从奈达动态对等理论的角度结合英文商务合同的语言特点阐述了英文商务合同的翻译。     

Effect of playing tactics on achieving score-box possessions in a random series of team possessions from Norwegian professional soccer matches

Abstract

Methods of analysis that include an assessment of opponent interactions are thought to provide a more valid means of team match performance. The purpose of this study was to examine the effect of playing tactics on achieving score-box possession by assessing opponent interactions in Norwegian elite soccer matches. We analysed a random series of 1703 team possessions from 163 of 182 (90%) matches played in the professional men's league during the 2004 season. Multidimensional qualitative data obtained from ten ordered categorical variables were used. Offensive tactics were more effective in producing score-box possessions when playing against an imbalanced defence (28.5%) than against a balanced defence (6.5%) (P < 0.001). Multiple logistic regression found that, for the main variable “team possession type”, counterattacks were more effective than elaborate attacks when playing against an imbalanced defence (odds ratio: 2.69; 95% confidence interval: 1.64 to 4.43) but not against a balanced defence (odds ratio: 1.14; 95% confidence interval: 0.47 to 2.76). Assessment of opponent interactions is critical to evaluate the effectiveness of offensive playing tactics on producing score-box possessions, and improves the validity of team match-performance analysis in soccer.     

Book reviews

Changes in stature during physical activity reflect alterations in spinal column length that occur as a result of loading the spine. The shrinkage is associated with loss of intervertebral disc height. This study aimed to measure both the load on the spine during simulations of a round of golf and the physiological responses to carrying golf clubs. Fine measurement of stature was achieved using a computer‐linked stadiometer inclined to 13°. Shrinkage was measured (n = 6) after performance regimens which mimicked (1) the ambulatory activity during golf play, (2) ambulation and skills employed in par performance and (3) ambulation and carriage of clubs. Our observations indicate significant shrinkage associated with golf skills, mean shrinkage after nine holes being 2.53 mm compared to 1.78 mm in the walking condition. The highest shrinkage was observed when the player carried his clubs, the amount of stature loss being 4.76 mm over nine holes. The highest rates of shrinkage occurred over the first three holes. In a second experiment to further examine the effects of carrying the golf clubs, five of the subjects walked on a motor‐driven treadmill at 5 km h^‐1 for 5 min. Carrying the clubs caused a 15% increase in VO₂ and a 25% rise in VE compared to normal walking. Increases were found also in perceived exertion. The physical and physiological loadings associated with recreational golf were deemed to be light to moderate and do not denote undue strain in occasional practices.     

基于目的论的招投标文件翻译策略

招投标文件是贯穿国际竞争性招标活动的指南和法律依据。根据功能派目的论三原则,以目的语文本为导向,综合考虑招投标文件英汉互译的语体、语言及文化因素,满足译文读者的期望,有助于指导译者摆脱传统“对等论”的束缚,为了充分实现此类应用文本的翻译目的和功能,宜突破原文表层的语言形式限制,积极主动地制定可行的翻译策略。     

动态对等理论视角下的网络流行语英译

随着科技的迅猛发展,网络已经成为人们生活中必不可少的工具。从网络中衍生出的流行语以独特新颖的特点影响着人们的语言,渗透到人们的生活。从动态对等理论的视角,采取直译、音译、意译和创新译法的手段来探讨网络流行语的英译,使网络流行语英译真正凸显其意义和文化内涵。     

从言语语言学角度看翻译的多面对等

本文从言语语言学的角度着眼,探讨译者在译文时应遵循多层面对等原则,尽可能的使译文忠实于原著。译者应该在充分理解原文含义的前提下,分析比较两种文化和语言在表达习惯和用法上的差异,最大限度的利用所给的言语信息推理出作者说话的真正意图;同时考虑译文读者的接受心理和感受,充当好链接原作者与目的语读者之间的桥梁,尽可能做到最全面的对等。     

从功能对等角度看唐诗中典故的翻译

本文从唐诗中出现的典故入手,采用例证的方法,通过分析国内著名翻译家对诗歌中典故的翻译,揭示在奈达的功能对等理论的指导下,在诗歌翻译中,译者如何确保译文的读者取得和原文读者相同的反应的。     

负绝对温度下热力学第二定律两种表述等效的证明

用反证法证明在负绝对温度下热力学第二定律的开尔文表述和克劳修斯表述等效.