丁韪良的科举观及其影响

曾执掌同文馆和京师大学堂的传教士丁韪良对中国的科举和传统文化情有独钟。他认为中国的科举系统已经成为行政机构的独立分支,有完善的学位授予制度和显著的激励性、竞争性、高收益性、高风险性和民主性等特征;但也暴露出明显的缺点。如果能稍用西术于科场,科举定能极大地推动中国教育事业的发展,带来中国社会的进步与繁荣。丁韪良的科举观不仅影响了美国的文官考试制度,也影响了近代中国的科举和教育改革。     

Incompatible Rhetorical Expectations: Julia W. Carpenter's Medical Society Papers, 1895–1899

This article examines 3 papers presented before the Cincinnati Academy of Medicine by 19th-century physician Julia W. Carpenter. The article identifies 3 strategies Carpenter used to negotiate the incompatible rhetorical expectations for women and for physicians. The published records of academy discussions provide evidence for Carpenter's colleagues' reactions to each strategy, revealing the complexity of her rhetorical situation and demonstrating the complex links among rhetorical practice, professional identity, and a communicator's social position.     

钼表面（Mo,W）Si2-Si3N4复合涂层的低温氧化行为研究

采用包渗法在钼表面原位制备了（Mo,W）Si2-Si3N4复合涂层,考察了其在大气中于500℃和600℃等温循环的氧化性能,利用XRD和SEM等研究了其组织形貌.结果表明：（Mo,W） Si2-Si3N4涂层具有良好的低温抗氧化性,其在空气中500℃和600℃氧化480 h的氧化速率分别为0.0145 g/（m2·h）和0.0191g/ （m2·h）,归因于涂层氧化表面形成了致密的SiO2膜.     

基于系统性文献回顾法的新型研发机构研究与展望

本文以国内经济管理领域 2003年至2019 年的179篇文献为样本,使用系统性文献回顾法(SLR),探索和总结了新型研发机构的研究现状及其知识结构,分析现有研究的缺失并尝试寻找未来的研究趋势。研究发现: 第一,新型研发机构的知识结构由9个部分构成一个2W1H的主题研究框架。第二,从国家、产业和企业层面分别总结了阻碍新型研发机构发展的因素及其提升对策建议。第三,从研究知识模块、研究切入角度和研究趋势拓展3个方面解剖现有知识断层,并对未来的研究提出具体可行的对策建议     

Information retrieval in the workplace: A comparison of professional search practices

Legal researchers, recruitment professionals, healthcare information professionals, and patent analysts all undertake work tasks where search forms a core part of their duties. In these instances, the search task is often complex and time-consuming and requires specialist expertise to identify relevant documents and insights within large domain-specific repositories and collections. Several studies have been made investigating the search practices of professionals such as these, but few have attempted to directly compare their professional practices and so it remains unclear to what extent insights and approaches from one domain can be applied to another. In this paper we describe the results of a survey of a purposive sample of 108 legal researchers, 64 recruitment professionals and 107 healthcare information professionals. Their responses are compared with results from a previous survey of 81 patent analysts. The survey investigated their search practices and preferences, the types of functionality they value, and their requirements for future information retrieval systems. The results reveal that these professions share many fundamental needs and face similar challenges. In particular a continuing preference to formulate queries as Boolean expressions, the need to manage, organise and re-use search strategies and results and an ambivalence toward the use of relevance ranking. The results stress the importance of recall and coverage for the healthcare and patent professionals, while precision and recency were more important to the legal and recruitment professionals. The results also highlight the need to ensure that search systems give confidence to the professional searcher and so trust, explainability and accountability remains a significant challenge when developing such systems. The findings suggest that translational research between the different areas could benefit professionals across domains.     

Meta-Circuit machine: Inferencing human collaborative relationships in heterogeneous information networks

Human collaborative relationship inference is a meaningful task for online social networks and is called link prediction in network science. Real-world networks contain multiple types of interacting components and can be modeled naturally as heterogeneous information networks (HINs). The current link prediction algorithms in HINs fail to effectively extract training samples from snapshots of HINs; moreover, they underutilise the differences between nodes and between meta-paths. Therefore, we propose a meta-circuit machine (MCM) that can learn and fuse node and meta-path features efficiently, and we use these features to inference the collaborative relationships in question-and-answer and bibliographic networks. We first utilise meta-circuit random walks to obtain training samples in which the basic idea is to perform biased meta-path random walks on the input and target network successively and then connect them. Then, a meta-circuit recurrent neural network (mcRNN) is designed for link prediction, which represents each node and meta-path by a dense vector and leverages an RNN to fuse the features of node sequences. Experiments on two real-world networks demonstrate the effectiveness of our framework. This study promotes the investigation of potential evolutionary mechanisms for collaborative relationships and offers practical guidance for designing more effective recommendation systems for online social networks.     

XF0362切削液系统皂化控制的应用研究

切削液的皂化是一种普遍现象,尤其在切削液浓度与温度变化较大时其皂化现象就更加明显.而XF0362切削液为了解决温度与浓度对切削液皂化作用的影响,在添加抗皂化剂P-01后改变其性能,从而解决了皂化现象.     

基础教育应对WTO的思考

随着我国加入WTO,各行各业将面临着诸多的机遇和挑战,作为社会发展重要标志的基础教育也不例外。WTO对我国基础教育的影响是深远的,同时,这种影响对基础教育的发展和完善又是一种极好的机遇,只有抓住机遇采取有效的策略,才能使我国的基础教育得到更进一步的发展。     

Killing off the Competition

In August 1929, James W. Upton, Editor of the republican newspaper, Honesty, discovered that that Seán Lemass and Gerald Boland, the Secretaries of the Fianna Fáil party, had issued a circular to their members that blackballed Honesty and promoted the sales of The Nation, a publication that Fianna Fáil's leader, Éamon de Valera, had recently brought under his control. The event that triggered this action was Upton's decision to publish an article critical of the Fianna Fáil leadership, something Upton did in the interest of freedom of speech. Upton, who was sympathetic to the Fianna Fáil cause, dubbed Lemass and Boland, ‘the Dublin Junta’ and accused them of launching an underhand attack to further their own careers and party ambitions. Fianna Fáil retaliated in the pages of The Nation, declaring that Honesty was no longer a republican journal and thereby destroying Honesty's readership. An exploration of these events reveals political duplicity and a fundamental misfit between the views of a republican idealist and hardheaded professional politicians. Upton believed that republicanism without journalistic freedom was no republicanism at all, whilst Lemass and Boland focused on building a disciplined party machine intent on suppressing dissent, within and without of its ranks.