Reliable automatic word spacing using a space insertion and correction model based on neural networks in Korean

Automatic word spacing in Korean remains a significant task in natural language processing owing to the extremely complex word spacing rules involved. Most previous models remove all spaces in input sentences and insert new spaces in the modified input sentences. If input sentences include only a small number of spacing errors, the previous models often return sentences with even more spacing errors than the input sentences because they remove the correct spaces that were typed intentionally by the users. To reduce this problem, we propose an automatic word spacing model based on a neural network that effectively uses word spacing information from input sentences. The proposed model comprises a space insertion layer and a spacing-error correction layer. Using an approach similar to previous models, the space insertion layer inserts word spaces into input sentences from which all spaces have been removed. The spacing error correction layer post-corrects the spacing errors of the space insertion model using word spacing typed by users. Because the two layers are tightly connected in the proposed model, the backpropagation flows are not blocked. As a result, the space insertion and error correction are performed simultaneously. In experiments, the proposed model outperformed all compared models on all measures on the same test data. In addition, it exhibited reliable performance (word-unit F1-measures of 94.17%～97.87%) regardless of how many word spacing errors were present in the input sentences.     

Aspect-based sentiment analysis with alternating coattention networks

Aspect-based sentiment analysis aims to predict the sentiment polarities of specific targets in a given text. Recent researches show great interest in modeling the target and context with attention network to obtain more effective feature representation for sentiment classification task. However, the use of an average vector of target for computing the attention score for context is unfair. Besides, the interaction mechanism is simple thus need to be further improved. To solve the above problems, this paper first proposes a coattention mechanism which models both target-level and context-level attention alternatively so as to focus on those key words of targets to learn more effective context representation. On this basis, we implement a Coattention-LSTM network which learns nonlinear representations of context and target simultaneously and can extracts more effective sentiment feature from coattention mechanism. Further, a Coattention-MemNet network which adopts a multiple-hops coattention mechanism is proposed to improve the sentiment classification result. Finally, we propose a new location weighted function which considers the location information to enhance the performance of coattention mechanism. Extensive experiments on two public datasets demonstrate the effectiveness of all proposed methods, and our findings in the experiments provide new insight for future developments of using attention mechanism and deep neural network for aspect-based sentiment analysis.     

Students' reactions after cheating: An attributional analysis

The hypothesis that students who cheat will externalize the cause of this behavior was tested by contrasting the causal inferences of cheating students and noncheating students. The results supported Kelley's attributional model, for cheaters tended to note the high distinctiveness, high consensus, and low consistency of their actions, while noncheaters noted the low distinctiveness, low consensus, and high consistency of their morally commendable actions. Comparison of the students' attributions with inferences formulated by uninvolved observers also indicated that students tended to formulate self-serving attributions, suggesting that external attributions—in providing students with an excuse for cheating—may work to limit self-concept changes after misconduct.     

Dimensions of intercultural effectiveness: Culture specific or culture general?

Abe and Wiseman (1983) replicated Hammer, Gudykunst, and Wiseman's (1978) study of the dimensions of intercultural effectiveness. Subjects for the Hammer et al. study were Americans living in another culture for at least 3 months, whereas Abe and Wiseman's subjects were Japanese tourists in the United States. Three dimensions emerged in the original study and five in the replication. Abe and Wiseman interpret these differences as evidence for a culture-specific interpretation of intercultural effectiveness. The argument presented in this paper is that Abe and Wiseman's data do not support a culture-specific interpretation. Rather, it presents relatively unequivocal evidence for a culture-general interpretation. Differences in the two factor structures are explained in terms of sample size and length of stay.     

The State Secrets Privilege and the War on Terror: An Annotated Bibliography

This selective annotated bibliography is a guide to scholarly articles about use of the State Secrets Privilege during the War on Terror. Use of the privilege became controversial during the presidential administration of George W. Bush, resulting in a scholarly debate over the privilege and the propriety of its use in litigation concerning measures taken by the United States government in the years following the terrorist attacks of 11 September 2001. This bibliography is intended to provide an overview of the scholarly literature to lawyers, scholars, and students.     

Information world mapping: A participatory arts-based elicitation method for information behavior interviews

Participatory, arts-based methods generate rich data with which researchers can explore information behavior in context, and may be particularly apt when engaging with youth or participants with low literacy levels. Information world mapping (IWM) is an innovative and interactive drawing-based interview technique for data elicitation. Initially developed for use in a study of young parents’ health information practices, IWM guides participants in depicting their personal social information worlds, including items, places, and relationships. Maps are then used to facilitate critical incident elicitation of participants' stories about, and interpretations of, their information practices. Within the young parent study, three styles of map were commonly seen: the directional map, the mind map, and the symbolic map. Use of IWM requires time and ethical care, but the method enables researchers to center participants’ own perspectives on information practices, triangulate data obtained via more traditional methods, and enrich understanding of social information worlds.     

语篇分析的应用与实践

语篇分析是一种全新的读写教学模式,强调从整体出发,对文章的文体、内容进行理解、分析和评价,它不仅重视语言形式,而且重视语言功能,同时还注重文章涉及的文化背景、写作手法及相关语言知识。语篇分析教学的本质在于使教学的过程更符合学生习得语言能力的过程,帮助学生更全面深刻地理解文章,有效地提高阅读理解能力和逻辑写作能力。     

白花烤烟新品系大理一号(DL01)的特征特性研究

DL01是大理州烟草公司烟叶技术中心种子站于2001年在弥渡县新街镇的云烟85良种田中选育出的变异株，经培育而成的烤烟新品系，其花色纯白．与当地主栽品种K326相比，DL01的苗期生长势、抗病性、产量、产值、外观质量、上等烟比例、烘烤特性、色素含量及年度间的稳定性等9个方面，均优于K326，具有更加优良的特性，值得生产中试用．     

国产毛茛科银莲花族十七种植物的细胞学研究

研究了国产毛茛科银莲花族Trib．Anemoneae 17种植物的染色体数目和核型。10种银莲花属   Anemone L．植物中，1种(西南银莲花A．davidii)为x=8的四倍体(2n=4x=32)，5种(匍枝银莲花A．   stolonifera、草玉梅 A．rivularis、卵叶银莲花A ．begoniifolia、水棉花A．hupehensis f. alba、大火草A．tomen-   tosa)为x=8的二倍体(2n=2x=16)，4种(鹅掌草A．flaccida、湿地银莲花A．rupestris、蓝匙叶银莲花   A．trullifolia var．colestina、拟条叶银莲花A．trullifolia var．holophylla、展毛银莲花A．demissa)为x=7的   二倍体(2n=2x=14)。罂粟莲花Anemoclema glaucifolium 为x=8的二倍体。6种铁线莲属Clematis L.植   物(滇川铁线莲C．kockiana、长花铁线莲C．rehderiana、毛茛铁线莲C．ranunculoides、扬子铁线莲C．   puberula var．ganpiniana、短尾铁线莲C．brevicaudata、金毛铁线莲A．chrysocoma)均为x=8的二倍体。银   莲花属中x=7的种类的核型彼此十分相似，均由6对大型具中部着丝点的染色体和1对具端部着丝点   的染色体组成;x=8的二倍体种类的核型与罂粟莲花属和铁线莲属植物的核型十分相似，均由5对大型  具中部着丝点和3对具端部或近端部着丝点的染色体组成。     

Exercising ‘The Right To Research’: Youth‐Based Community Media Production as Transformative Action

This article explores the participatory media practices used by the Center for Urban Pedagogy, a non‐profit community‐based media organisation in New York City. Taking as her point of departure a digital media investigation into bodegas in the south Bronx (neighbourhood grocery stores), the author explores how CUP uses the power of art and design to cultivate civic engagement among youth, in part by strengthening participants’ public speaking, digital media and research skills. In interviews with participants, the author finds that this work mitigates participants’ expressed fears of being dismissed as boring when speaking with public officials, a fear taken seriously through a reading of the work of child psychoanalyst D. W. Winnicott. Winnicott worried that the person who felt boring too often retreated from participating in civic life. If, argues the author, youth are to claim what Appadurai describes as the fundamental ‘human right to research’ in the public realm, then the civic as well as the psychological dimensions that enable participants to engage in transformative action must be strengthened.