长城与汉匈关系

西汉王朝从汉武帝至汉宣帝期间,修筑了约两万里长城,其中绝大部分修建于汉武帝时期。汉长城不仅防外,同时防内,维护封建专制统治是西汉王朝修筑和戍守长城的意图。汉长城对匈奴而言,主要表现在军事上的围困和经济上的封锁,达到了削弱匈奴的目的。汉长城对中原而言,产生了耗费巨额财力和破坏内地人民和平生活的不良影响,迫使汉武帝下罪己之诏。庆幸的是长城不能把互相连着的经济关系断绝,成为草原和中原的分界线,反而成为南北不可分割的见证物留给后世     

Complex but integrated: Exploring social and cultural identities of women Third Culture Kids (TCK) and factors predicting life satisfaction

The 21 st century, defined by cultural diversity and global mobility, has triggered an unprecedented increase in multicultural individuals, defined as people who internalised more than one culture. Contrasting evidence related to multiculturalism calls for more explorative research to understand cross-cultural identities. The present study explored social and cultural identities of adult female Third Culture Kids (TCKs) (n = 122), multicultural individuals who live mobile lives, and adjustment factors of a global mindset, social inclusiveness and essentialism to find predictors of life satisfaction. We classified social identity into four we-concepts: we-group, we-category, we-attributive and we-axiological, and cultural identity into three configurations: integration, categorisation and compartmentalisation. Our results suggested that TCK define social identity predominantly based on passport country (we-category) and relationships with family and friends (we-group). We indicated that axiological (value-based) social identification and global mindset buffered essentialism and categorisation known to disturb cross-cultural relationships. There was a general tendency for integrated cultural identity, with cultural configurations of categorisation and compartmentalisation correlating positively with essentialism. Hierarchical regression analysis evidenced that integrated multicultural identity, global mindset, and social inclusiveness were significant positive predictors of life satisfaction for female TCK. These results feed into a better understanding of the TCK configurations of collective identities and highlighted new factors related to TCK well-being.     

论抗日战争时期美国对华政策

抗日战争时期,美国为了更好地实现其国家利益,随着国际、国内形势的发展变化,制定了不同的对华政策。先后采取了“避免介入”、“援华制日”、“结盟抗日”、“扶蒋反共”政策。“避免介入”政策在一定程度上怂恿了日本的侵略行为;“援华制日”、“结盟抗日”政策增强了中国的抗战能力,提高了中国的国际地位,也大大增强了国民党政府对美国的依赖;“扶蒋反共”政策为战后中国政治留下了祸根。     

抗战陪都时期峨眉武术考证

抗战“陪都”时期的峨嵋武术,为直辖后的重庆武术事业奠定了坚实的基础。作为八年战时首都,在汇聚各方贤人志士的同时,武林高手、专家、学者和武术组织也纷纷云集山城,促使巴渝武术迅猛发展。本土武术与峨嵋武术等外来武术在民族存亡之际成为中华民族保家卫国的“国术”,习武救国热潮一浪高过一浪。抗战“陪都”时期的巴渝武术铸就了重庆武术发展史上最为辉煌的一段历史。     

Remembering Nanking: historical reconstructions and literary memorializations of the Nanking Massacre

The Nanking Massacre is a historical event that invokes many contestations and tensions, as the recollection of what took place in Nanking during the six weeks from December 1937 to February 1938 is always under the influence of political circumstances and ideologies. This article explores the contemporary historical narratives and fictional representations of the Nanking Massacre to see how it has been remembered. The article mainly addresses North American academic debates over the Nanking massacre, and analyzes three novels by immigrant Chinese American authors, Qi Shouhua’s When the Purple Mountain Burns, Ha Jin’s Nanjing Requiem, and Yan Geling’s The Flowers of War.     

Universalism and colonialism: reconsidering postwar democracy in Japan

This article reconsiders the postwar democracy in Japan in terms of a certain involvement between universalism and colonialism. Recently, some scholars have criticized the legislation of a new national security law in Japan as destroying the legacy of the postwar democracy. It seems, however, not to be allowed to regard this legislation as a fundamental turnover of the basic position in international policy of postwar Japan. As is well known, the Japanese government in the postwar era has kept its pacifism, whose ideal is explicitly expressed and realized by article 9 of the Japanese Constitution. Although the security law legislated in 2015 could be seen as breaking this ideal of pacifism, the Japanese government’s official statement declared that the new security law inherited pacifism under the name of “provocative contribution to peace.” This article tries to reinterpret the postwar democracy from this point. By critically reading ongoing debates regarding the issue of wartime comfort women and Nambara Shigeru’s democratic thoughts, it seems a certain war, which has been a fundamental root of the postwar democracy in Japan – that is, “a war against the enemy of all” – has sustained itself in an interwoven relation between universalism and colonialism.     

The politics of national atonement and narrations of war

Abstract

In March 2007, Japan’s ‘national atonement project’ for survivors of military sexual slavery was officially concluded. The atonement project that was implemented by a Japanese government‐established non‐governmental organization – the Asian Women’s Fund – has distributed its fund to a number of survivors in the Philippines, South Korea, Taiwan and the Netherlands since its inception in 1995. Over the years, intense politicization around the project has made it extremely difficult for most observers to assess whether the project was successful or not. Several prominent scholars in Japan and South Korea have called for a more compassionate and positive assessment of the project’s good intentions, while feminist activists continue to critique the project’s negative interventions in the process of redress and reconciliation in Asia. This essay is an attempt to open up a space to rethink the felicitousness of the atonement project by focusing on the ways in which the project told its own story of war, violence, and gender. By juxtaposing stories told by Filipina survivors of the ‘comfort women’ system with one that has been told by the atonement project implemented by the Asian Women’s Fund, it seeks to find a way to reassess whether the project acknowledged the survivors’ claims for justice and compensation.     

In the ruins of truth: the work of melancholia and acts of memory

Abstract

This paper seeks to problematize and render inadequate the ‘truth’ of Truth Commissions, which have proliferated globally. It does so by questioning the relationship of ‘truth’ to ‘testimony’ by offering a critical account of their relationship to ‘trauma,’ on the one hand and by questioning the location of ‘testimony’ in relation to ‘resistance,’ on the other hand. Moving away from this ‘psycologistic register,’ the paper rehearses a re‐reading of Freud, which attempts to question the sharp distinction between mourning and melancholia, in his 1917 essay. Given this, a complex, psychoanalytic subject is constructed, whose psychic and social ‘work of melancholia,’ and ‘acts of memory,’ cannot be straightforwardly rendered in testimony or recollection, and is unavailable for nationalist appropriation. Empirical material is drawn from field work in Eastern Sri Lanka, on the after life multiple massacres that took place in the early 1990s, and is juxtaposed with Commissions of Inquiry into these events in the late 1990s.     

Viewing sports online together? Psychological consequences on social live streaming service usage

Social live streaming services (SLSSs) have recently been introduced as a new type of synchronous social networking services for sport fans. Given the popularity of these innovations, the authors examined how the use of SLSSs can augment users’ social well-being and mitigate loneliness through the mechanisms of team identification, flow experiences, and satisfaction with SLSSs. To this end, the researchers collected data from 231 SLSS users who watched sport events over the SLSS platforms during the past 12 months. Results indicated that four types of gratification expectations positively influenced the users’ flow states. Among highly identified users with their preferred teams, affective gratification exerted the greater impact on the flow, predicting satisfaction with SLSSs. Such satisfaction enabled the users to enhance their social well-being and ease their feelings of loneliness. This study provides empirical evidence and new insights that elevate our understanding of SLSSs for sports content.     

春秋时期的战争礼

《春秋左传》中比较完备地保留了春秋时期的大量战争史实。这些翔实的战争记录显示,春秋时期频繁复杂、充满残酷杀戮的战争中却有着一整套与后世迥然不同的战争礼。这些战争礼不仅折射出当时战争不同于后世战争的温情与体恤,而且反映了人们尊王、从礼、敬德、重仁等思想。两千多年前中国战争的原始状况借助于战争礼得以真实展现。