优秀散打运动员膝/肘关节等速测试与站位攻防技术分析

采用ISOMED2000等速系统检测优秀散打运动员膝、肘关节肌群的生物力学特征,分析优秀散打运动员站位攻防动作技术.在进攻训练中伸膝关节速度达到300°/s,能充分发挥运动员小腿伸肌群的爆发能力;采用300°/s的速度可以快速屈小腿,有利于运动员快速回防,为再次打击对方在时间上创造了条件;在站位时,膝关节角度保持157.3°～160.1°,小腿屈肌群离心爆发能力强,有利于运动员调整自身的身体姿势,避开对方的快速进攻.在进攻训练中应使肘关节速度达到300°/s,能充分发挥运动员前臂伸肌群的爆发能力.肘关节角度在81°～86°的范围,有利于运动员快速出拳,打击对方.以240°/s的速度屈肘,能充分发挥运动员前臂屈肌群的爆发能力,有利于运动员快速回防.在防守训练中,肘关节角度在78°～85°的范围内,对运动员快速回防,抵御时方快速、重拳的进攻是有利的;肘关节角度在128°～137°的范围内,可远距离隔挡对方,阻击对方的快速进攻.     

单自由度体系频率分析的教学探究

各质点惯性力不共线的单自由度体系的频率分析,是结构动力学教学中的一个难点。文章利用理论力学中的知识,将单自由度质点系平动时的频率计算公式ω=1/（mδ）推广到了单自由度质点系转动时的的频率计算问题,并给出了相应的转动柔度系数的确定方法。这样的处理也启发了学生将各门课程的知识进行融会贯通。     

对掷铁饼旋转技术的生物力学研究

运用影片解析的方法和运动生物力学理论, 针对掷铁饼旋转技术的特征进行分析, 为进一步研究掷铁饼技术提供了理论依据, 有助于教练和运动员正确认识掷铁饼技术     

大型集装箱船的总纵强度实用计算方法

以我国１９９６年《钢质海船入级与建造规范》对大型集装箱船的总纵强度的要求为标准,讨论了具体装载状态下船舶总纵强度的校核方法,并着重探讨了在资料不完整的情况下与总纵强度校核有关的船舶资料的计算制作方法。     

一、二维平衡板不同人体环节重量矩测量方法的对比研究

通过对两种不同人体环节重量矩测量方法的比较,表明利用一维平衡板测量人体环节的重量矩存在着操作上的困难,而利用二维平衡板替代一维平衡板进行运动环节重量矩的测量,使测量易于控制,以提高测量精度。     

无限长掺杂Zn棱柱型硅纳米管的理论研究

运用密度泛函方法在(U)B3LYP/LanL2DZ水平上研究了无限长四棱柱、五棱柱和六棱柱型掺杂锌的硅纳米管的几何结构、电荷布局、能级和电偶极矩。计算结果表明,无限长四、六棱柱型Zn-Si纳米管的最低能结构均保持着基本的管状结构,五棱柱型的则畸变严重。五棱柱和六棱柱型Zn-Si纳米管的最低能结构的电子自旋多重态都为五重态,而四棱柱的为单重态。五棱柱型Zn-Si纳米管是这三种纳米管中热力学稳定性最强的。四、六棱柱型Zn-Si纳米管中电子从硅原子转向Zn原子,Zn原子充当电荷的受体,出现了电子反转现象。五棱柱型Zn-Si纳米管电子的转移方向比较复杂,Zn原子的位置不同,充当不同的电荷角色。两边的Zn原子是电荷的施体,而中间的则充当了电荷的受体。无限长掺杂Zn的五棱柱型硅纳米管的HOMO-LUMO能隙比较大,它的化学稳定性比较强。这三种纳米管呈半导体型。虽然这三种纳米管是极性的,但是五棱柱型的极性很弱。     

Increasing plantarflexion angle during landing reduces vertical ground reaction forces,loading rates and the hip’s contribution to support moment within participants

The ankle joint’s role in shock absorption during landing has been researched in many studies, which have found that landing with higher amounts of plantarflexion (PF) results in lower peak vertical ground reaction forces and loading rates. However, there has not yet been a study that compares drop landings within participants along a quantitative continuum of PF angles. Using a custom-written real-time feedback program, participants adjusted their ankles to an instructed PF angle and dropped onto two force platforms. For increasing PF, peak ground reaction force and peak loading rate during weight acceptance decreased significantly. The hip’s contribution to peak support moment decreased as PF at initial contact increased up to 30°. The ankle and knee contributions increased over this same continuum of PF angles. There appears to be no optimal PF angle based on peak ground reaction force and loading rate measurements, but there may be an optimum where joint contributions to peak support moment converge and the hip moment’s contribution is minimised.     

Effects of changing speed on knee and ankle joint load during walking and running

Joint moments can be used as an indicator of joint loading and have potential application for sports performance and injury prevention. The effects of changing walking and running speeds on joint moments for the different planes of motion still are debatable. Here, we compared knee and ankle moments during walking and running at different speeds. Data were collected from 11 recreational male runners to determine knee and ankle joint moments during different conditions. Conditions include walking at a comfortable speed (self-selected pacing), fast walking (fastest speed possible), slow running (speed corresponding to 30% slower than running) and running (at 4 m · s^?1 ± 10%). A different joint moment pattern was observed between walking and running. We observed a general increase in joint load for sagittal and frontal planes as speed increased, while the effects of speed were not clear in the transverse plane moments. Although differences tend to be more pronounced when gait changed from walking to running, the peak moments, in general, increased when speed increased from comfortable walking to fast walking and from slow running to running mainly in the sagittal and frontal planes. Knee flexion moment was higher in walking than in running due to larger knee extension. Results suggest caution when recommending walking over running in an attempt to reduce knee joint loading. The different effects of speed increments during walking and running should be considered with regard to the prevention of injuries and for rehabilitation purposes.     

一种基于不变矩的图像分类算法

在图像分类和识别技术中,针对图像特征的提取这一重要问题,文章实现了用三种不变矩对图像目标提取特征并进行分类的方法,该方法分别提取目标的区域中心矩、区域中心不变矩和径向矩作为特征矢量,并与区域协特征方差算子进行图像分类比较分析。将特征用支持向量机的方法进行分类器的训练,再对目标进行分类。实验结果表明,区域径向矩算子运用在车辆目标分类中具有较好的效果。     

Effect of chainring ovality on joint power during cycling at different workloads and cadences

Non-circular chainrings theoretically enhance cycling performance by increasing effective chainring diameter and varying crank velocity, but research has failed to consistently reproduce the benefits in cycling trials. The aim of this study was (1) to investigate the effect of different chainring shapes on sagittal knee joint moment and sagittal lower limb joint powers and (2) to investigate whether alterations are affected by cadence and workload. Fourteen elite cyclists cycled in six conditions (70, 90 and 110 rpm, each at 180 and 300 W), for 2 min each, using three chainrings of different ovalities (1.0–1.215). Kinematic data and pedal forces were collected. For most conditions, only the chainring with the highest ovality (1.215) was characterised by smaller sagittal knee joint moments, smaller relative sagittal knee joint power contribution and larger relative sagittal hip joint power contribution, which suggests a change from maximising efficiency to maximising power production. Effect sizes increased with higher cadences, but not with higher workload. This study has application for athletes, clinicians and sports equipment industry as a non-circular chainring can change joint-specific power generation and decrease knee joint moment, but certain ovality seems to be necessary to provoke this effect.