功能性训练:释义与应用

功能训练起源于康复领域,在有效性得到证实后逐步渗透到竞技体育领域,成为体能训练的重要方法。近年来,我国教练员试图将功能性训练用于竞技体育训练,遇到理论上的困惑。研究功能性训练的科学背景、概念界定和内涵、功能训练原则,理清功能性训练和传统训练,功能性训练和核心训练的关系,为我国现代体能训练方法体系科学化奠定基础。     

论运动训练学的逻辑起点与理论体系

随着相关学科的不断发展,运动训练学的内容日趋完善并在实践中起到越来越重要的作用。通过文献收集与分析、逻辑推理等方法,提出运动训练学的逻辑起点是身体训练,而当前的理论体系尚不完善,仍需不断改进。     

Objective and subjective methods for quantifying training load in wheelchair basketball small-sided games

The aim of the present study was to analyse the training load in wheelchair basketball small-sided games and determine the relationship between heart rate (HR)-based training load and perceived exertion (RPE)-based training load methods among small-sided games bouts. HR-based measurements of training load included Edwards’ training load and Stagno’s training impulses (TRIMP_MOD) while RPE-based training load measurements included cardiopulmonary (session RPEres) and muscular (session RPEmus) values. Data were collected from 12 wheelchair basketball players during five consecutive weeks. The total load for the small-sided games sessions was 67.5 ± 6.7 and 55.3 ± 12.5 AU in HR-based training load (Edwards’ training load and TRIMP_MOD), while the RPE-based training loads were 99.3 ± 26.9 (session RPEres) and 100.8 ± 31.2 AU (session RPEmus). Bout-to-bout analysis identified greater session RPEmus in the third [P < 0.05; effect size (ES) = 0.66, moderate] and fourth bouts (P < 0.05; ES = 0.64, moderate) than in the first bout, but other measures did not differ. Mean correlations indicated a trivial and small relationship among HR-based and RPE-based training loads. It is suggested that HR-based and RPE-based training loads provide different information, but these two methods could be complementary because one method could help us to understand the limitations of the other.     

Light-load maximal lifting velocity full squat training program improves important physical and skill characteristics in futsal players

This study aimed to compare the effect of 6 weeks of resistance training or combined resistance training and change of direction exercises on physical performance and motor skills in futsal players. Thirty-four futsal players were divided into full squat group (SG, n = 12), combined full squat and change of direction exercises group (S+CDG, n = 12) and control group (CG, n = 10). The resistance training for SG consisted of full squat with low load (~45–58% 1RM) and low volume (4–6 repetitions), whereas the S+CDG performed the same resistance training program combined with loaded change of direction. Sprint time in 10 and 20 m, change of direction test, countermovement vertical jump (CMJ) height, maximal strength and force–velocity relationship in full squat exercise, kicking speed ball (BS_mean) and repeated sprint ability (RSA_mean) were selected as testing variables. Both experimental groups showed significant improvements for CMJ, BS_mean and all strength parameters. Only SG resulted in significant sprint gains, whereas S+CDG also achieved significant improvements in RSA_mean. The CG remained unchanged after training period. No significant differences were found between both experimental groups. These findings suggest that only 12 sessions of either lightweight resistance training alone, lifting the load at maximal intended velocity or combined with change of direction exercises is enough to improve several physical and skills capacities critical to futsal performance in adult players.     

“互联网＋”与体育教育专业人才培养方式的整合

信息化浪潮的兴起,为高校体育教育专业人才培养方式的变革带来新思路.针对当前高校体育教育专业人才培养过程中出现的教育同质化现象突出、培养理念更新慢、培养目标定位模糊、课程设置不够精准以及网络课程平台开发不足等问题,提出运用互联网思维,创新人才培养思路;挖掘大数据资源,科学定位培养目标;加强网络课程平台建设,打造体育教育专业网络课程体系;关注学生学习方式的变革,引导学生建构系统的知识体系等措施,在新的时代背景下推动高校体育教育专业人才培养与互联网技术的深度融合.     

广州体育学院大型赛事服务人才培养质量评估研究*

借鉴柯氏评估模型,从反应层、学习层、行为层和结果层四个层次,评估分析广州体育学院在2010-2017年对大型体育赛事服务人才的培养质量.结果发现,大型体育赛事服务作为广州体育学院人才培养的重要途径,已经取得了一定的成效.它在总体上提升了体育高等院校人才综合素质,可以作为体育高等院校人才培养与社会融合的一个重要途径而推广应用.同时,广州体育学院大型体育赛事服务人才在工具技术和态度因素等方面存在短板现象.     

职业教育改革背景下地方本科院校体育教育专业技能型人才培养方案的建构与实施策略

技能型人才培养是地方本科院校转型发展的时代需要,已成为体育教育专业建设与发展的必然要求.地方本科院校体育教育专业培养技能型人才是由服务地方体育基础教育的定位决定的,同时也是顺应教师专业化改革的必然要求,是体育专业人才的内涵要求.从人才培养目标、人才培养规格、专业课程体系设置三个方面对人才培养方案进行了设计,并重点构建了"五大平台(九个模块)"的课程体系.指出,应完善技能型人才培养保障制度,建立相应的运行机制和人才培养质量考核评价体系,打造双师型教师队伍,营造良好的实践教学环境,为该培养方案的顺利实施提供有力保障.     

对足球移动能力训练的思考

运用文献资料法、逻辑分析法和经验总结法,对足球运动员移动能力训练进行研究.指出,移动能力是足球技能的重要组成部分,与球员的比赛表现密切相关.在对移动方式特征和分类进行分析梳理的基础上,针对长期被忽视的发展感知能力和移动效果反馈两方面,提出足球移动能力训练的内容和重点,以及不同训练阶段的训练要点.认为,发展移动能力要符合力学原理、结合专项技术训练,最终实现训练能力向比赛能力的转化.     

我国竞技体育明星广告代言收入归属与分配问题研究

近年来,我国体育明星广告代言收入归属与分配的纠纷层出不穷,影响了运动员、运动队乃至整个体育事业和体育产业的发展.回顾了学界和社会对该类事件的观点及其转变过程,梳理了相关规章制度的修订变化,并基于运动员培养方式的不同,对国家队包办模式、运动员单飞模式和社会资本参与模式下的体育明星广告代言收入归属与分配问题分别进行讨论.通过与娱乐明星的比较,汲取其在合同和经纪人方面的有益经验.指出,应建立健全法律法规,规范体育明星代言收入的归属与分配;在运动员分类管理的基础上,对合同进行明确细化;大力发展职业体育经纪人产业,促进体育产业发展.     

关于训练理论研究中若干方法论问题的思考

摘要：我国训练理论研究水平仍处在经验阶段,训练理论的治理迫在眉睫。运用文献资料法、逻辑法、时序法等研究方法,以科学技术哲学与复杂性科学为研究视角,从方法论层面试厘清训练理论研究中所出现的问题,以及未来研究趋向等问题。研究认为复杂性是认识训练规律的路径、科学理性是提升训练理论着眼点、学科交叉性是促进训练理论增长点、非线性是促使训练理论研究转型、整体性是表达训练理论的要义。通过提出超越传统意义上的方法论纲领,以期加快竞技体育治理体系和治理能力的现代化,适应国家竞技体育发展战略的需求;希冀训练理论对现代训练实践的要求做出科学地解释与说明,实现训练理论在实践中的应用性和操作性。