Effects of active and passive recovery on performance during repeated-sprint swimming

Abstract

The effect of active and passive recovery on repeated-sprint swimming bouts was studied in eight elite swimmers. Participants performed three trials of two sets of front crawl swims with 5 min rest between sets. Set A consisted of four 30-s bouts of high-intensity tethered swimming separated by 30 s passive rest, whereas Set B consisted of four 50-yard maximal-sprint swimming repetitions at intervals of 2 min. Recovery was active only between sets (AP trial), between sets and repetitions of Set B (AA trial) or passive throughout (PP trial). Performance during and metabolic responses after Set A were similar between trials. Blood lactate concentration after Set B was higher and blood pH was lower in the PP (18.29 ± 1.31 mmol · l^?1 and 7.12 ± 0.11 respectively) and AP (17.56 ± 1.22 mmol · l^?1 and 7.14 ± 0.11 respectively) trials compared with the AA (14.13 ± 1.56 mmol · l^?1 and 7.23 ± 0.10 respectively) trial (P < 0.01). Performance time during Set B was not different between trials (P > 0.05), but the decline in performance during Set B of the AP trial was less marked than in the AA or PP trials (main effect of sprints, P < 0.05). Results suggest that active recovery (60% of the 100-m pace) could be beneficial between training sets, and may compromise swimming performance between repetitions when recovery durations are short (< 2 min).     

A Hands-On Organ-Slicing Activity to Teach the Cross-Sectional Anatomy

The presentation of pre-sliced specimens is a frequently used method in the laboratory teaching of cross-sectional anatomy. In the present study, a new teaching method based on a hands-on slicing activity was introduced into the teaching of brain, heart, and liver cross-sectional anatomy. A randomized, controlled trial was performed. A total of 182 third-year medical students were randomized into a control group taught with the prosection mode (pre-sliced organ viewing) and an experimental group taught with the dissection mode (hands-on organ slicing). These teaching methods were assessed by testing the students' knowledge of cross-sectional specimens and cross-sectional radiological images, and analyzing students' feedback. Using a specimen test on three organs (brain, heart, and liver), significant differences were observed in the mean scores of the control and experimental groups: for brain 59.6% (±14.2) vs. 70.1% (±15.5), (P < 0.001, Cohen's d = 0.17); for heart: 57.6% (±12.5) vs. 75.6% (±15.3), (P < 0.001, d = 0.30); and for liver: 60.4% (±14.5) vs. 81.7% (±14.2), (P < 0.001, d = 0.46). In a cross-sectional radiological image test, better performance was also found in the experimental group (P < 0.001). The mean scores of the control vs. experimental groups were as follows: for brain imaging 63.9% (±15.1) vs. 71.1% (±16.1); for heart imaging 64.7% (±14.5) vs. 75.2% (±15.5); and for liver imaging 61.1% (±15.5) vs. 81.2% (±14.6), respectively. The effect sizes (Cohen's d) were 0.05, 0.23, and 0.52, respectively. Students in the lower tertile benefited the most from the slicing experiences. Students' feedback was generally positive. Hands-on slicing activity can increase the effectiveness of anatomy teaching and increase students' ability to interpret radiological images.     

英语教学中如何激发学生课堂参与意识——以集宁师范学院《新视野大学英语》教学为例

学生在教学中处于主体地位,英语教师应以学生为中心,采取多种教学手段激发学生学英语的兴趣,并优化课堂教学。课堂上,要不断激发学生的课堂参与意识,让学生从听众成为参与者,培养学生运用外语进行交际的能力。该文通过分析影响学生课堂参与的主要因素,提出改进学生课堂参与的教学策略。     

Structure characterization for the geopolymer of sodium silicate and metakaolin

1 Introduction 1 During the last decade a new kind of material called geopolymer has emerged as a viable alternative for many conventional cements and plastics. Geopolymer is inorganic polymer derived from metakaolin and sodium silicate solution. It can be synthesized at low temperature and have useful properties such as high compressive strength. It is stable at temperatures up to 800 °C and even 1150 °C while ordinary Portland cement loses its strength at 500 °C [1]. Several microstruct…     

独柱塔空间缆索自锚式悬索桥主鞍座空间受力分析

以南京江心洲大桥为工程背景,对空间缆索自锚式悬索桥主鞍座的相关问题进行研究.以大型通用有限元程序为平台,采用二次开发技术,建立精细化有限元模型,在此基础上采用合理的加载模式对其进行空间受力分析,并阐述与空间主鞍座相匹配的主缆切点简化修正方法.结果表明:空间主缆在成桥状态对主鞍座横向力的作用会造成鞍槽外侧壁应力大于内侧壁的应力;主缆横向体积力会对主鞍座压紧装置和鞍体产生梯度分布的竖向挤压力;自锚式悬索桥体系转换过程中缆索的几何非线性效应显著,体现在空缆到成桥状态主缆与主鞍座空间切点位置会有较大的变化.     

体能再构建的研究与分类

通过对体能的现状进行分析与研究,从建立的体能概念指出体能的形成与发挥是两个再构建的过程：一是体能的获得,包括身体形态、身体机能及身体素质的再构建;二是体能的发挥表现,包括心理控制与协调体能各要素的重组过程。并根据体能在人们生活与实践中的需求,把体能分类为日常生活体能、大众健身体能和运动训练体能。     

Identification of the activity source of CO2 electroreduction by strategic catalytic site distribution in stable supramolecular structure system

Identification of the real catalytic site in CO₂ reduction reaction (CO₂RR) is critical for the rational design of catalysts and the understanding of reactive mechanisms. In this study, the catalytic activity of pyridine-containing materials was for the first time structurally demonstrated in CO₂RR by crystalline supramolecular coordination compounds model system. The system consists of three stable supramolecular coordination compounds (Ni-TPYP, Ni-TPYP-1 and Ni-TPP) with different numbers (4, 2 and 0) of active pyridine groups (i.e. uncoordinated pyridine nitrogen atoms). The electrocatalytic test results show that with the decrease of the number of active pyridine groups, the CO₂RR performance is gradually reduced, mainly showing the reduction of highest FE_CO (99.8%, 83.7% and 25.6%, respectively). The crystallographic, experimental and theoretical evidences prove that the CO₂RR activity is more likely derived from uncoordinated pyridine nitrogen than the electrocatalytic inert metal nickel in porphyrin center. This work serves as an important case study for the identification of electrocatalytic activity of pyridine-containing materials in CO₂RR by simple supramolecular model system.     

游泳水槽动态阻力测量装置的研制

在介绍国内、外游泳动态阻力现状研究的基础上，从理论上重新阐述了动态阻力和推进力的定义；确立了游泳水槽动态阻力测量装置的研究方案设计和技术路线；实现了游泳项目运动学和动力学参数的同步测试，为分析、诊断、优化游泳技术动作提供了有效的科研手段。     

论教育视角中中学生积极心境的培养

心境是一种微弱而持久的情感状态。积极的心境使人朝气蓬勃、积极向上,能够提高人们的工作和学习效率,消极的心境使人消沉、悲观,妨碍工作和学习。社会的转型、现代教育意义的失落和现代家庭的结构调整使中学生心境失衡。完善学校教育模式、优化家庭养育方式、营造社会人文生态是培养中学生积极心境的主要途径。     

谈悬吊训练在篮球运动员体能训练中的应用

核心力量训练作为篮球运动中较新的体能训练观念正在逐渐被重视。通过探索悬吊训练手段方法在篮球运动员的体能训练中的应用,帮助运动员提高体能素质和竞技水平。