Labor market conditions and college graduation: Evidence from Brazil

College students graduating in a recession have been shown to face large and persistent negative effects on their earnings, health, and other outcomes. This paper investigates whether students delay graduation to avoid these effects. Using data on the universe of students in higher education in Brazil and leveraging variation in labor market conditions across time, space, and chosen majors, the paper finds that students in public institutions delay graduation to avoid entering depressed labor markets. A typical recession causes the on-time graduation rate to fall by 6.5% in public universities and there is no effect on private institutions. The induced delaying increases average graduation by 0.11 semesters, consistent with 1 out of 18 students delaying graduation by one year in public universities. The delaying effect is larger for students with higher scores, in higher-earnings majors, and from more advantaged backgrounds. This has important implications for the distributional impact of recessions.     

一般选择效果功能理论的困境及其解决

为了实现选择功能对发育功能现象的解释,参照选择功能的解释策略,一般选择效果功能理论认为凡是能产生差别繁殖特征或差别维系特征的选择过程都能赋予生物性状功能。上述两个特征分别由进化时间范畴和发育时间范畴决定,意指同一生物种群中的一些实体因其自身特点比其他实体具有更高的繁殖/生存可能性。其中,差别维系特征既是该理论的创新点,也是其非历史解释困境的来源。对此,文章的解决方案如下:依托于布沙德的生物功能多元论,消解困境。参照沃尔什的关系性生物功能理论,转向更简洁的新关系性生物功能理论。     

高校文化资本对区域经济发展的影响研究

高校作为高等教育的重要载体,是高素质人才的聚集地,其文化资本水平会直接影响教育质量,关系到教育对经济社会发展的贡献程度。文章基于文化资本理论,构建衡量省域内高校文化资本的指标评价体系,运用我国30个省份2009-2018年面板数据计算其存量并采用空间杜宾模型将高校文化资本对区域经济的影响进行实证研究。结果表明:我国高校文化资本存量呈逐年上升趋势,省域间文化资本存在不平衡现象;高校文化资本对区域经济发展存在正向直接效应和间接效应,其不仅能够推动本地区经济发展,还能通过空间溢出效应推动相邻地区经济发展。     

中药对乳腺癌内分泌治疗的减毒作用研究

中药治疗乳腺癌有着广泛的临床适应证,尤其在内分泌治疗毒副反应研究方面有着显著的优势。对提高患者生存率,降低复发转移率,改善患者的生活质量具有极其重要的临床意义和广泛的应用前景。     

Explaining Internet Connectivity

This article provides a framework by which rival firms' incentives for interconnection in unregulated telecommunications markets may be analyzed and argues that the widespread voluntary interconnection observed among Internet service providers (ISPs) is anomalous when compared with examples of other similar markets from U.S. industrial history. However, the fact that it is anomalous provides an opportunity to test common explanations and to explore new explanations for the remarkable connectivity observed among ISPs through a comparative analysis. The comparative analysis reveals that (1) network effects and competitive forces in telecommunications markets will not necessarily drive firms to interconnect their networks voluntarily as there are other options to them, and (2) government actions played an important role in shaping the interconnection behavior competing firms in telecommunications markets. The article then explores some of the implications of these findings for telecommunications policy, and interconnection regulation in particular.     

Online Versus Offline in the United States: Are the Media Shrinking?

We find that combined revenues for 10 major media in the United States have steadily declined as a proportion of overall economic activity or gross domestic product (GDP) from 1999 to at least 2009 (the latest year for which we have complete data). For individual media, we find a generally consistent pattern in which increasing revenues from Internet distribution are exceeded by declines in revenues from established distribution channels, with the exception of television and video games, whose revenues have so far kept pace with GDP. We also report a marked overall shift from advertiser to direct payment support for the media industries over this period. We consider four possible reasons for these revenue trends: shifts in consumer media usage, reduced appropriability due to more difficult copyright protection, inadequate advertising business models, and reduced costs due to more efficient Internet distribution. Our analysis suggests we may be entering an era of a declining size of media industries in terms of conventional measures, but not necessarily a falling supply of media products themselves.     

团队情绪智力、作用及其提升策略研究

对团队情绪智力的内涵、研究视角及其结构要素进行梳理概括;从“团队运作效率”、“团队绩效”、“团队成员对情绪事件的解释以及与情绪事件相关的态度和行为的选择”三个方面论述团队情绪智力的积极作用.最后,从团队情绪规范、情绪智力培训和领导情绪智力等方面提出提高团队整体情绪智力的策略.     

Contextual influences on baseball ball-strike decisions in umpires,players, and controls

Abstract

Baseball umpires, players, and control participants with no baseball experience were asked to call balls and strikes for video clips. In a basic judgement task, umpires and players were significantly better at calling pitches than controls. In a direct information task, borderline pitches were presented following clips of definite balls and definite strikes. Participants called target pitches closer to the strike end of the scale when viewed after definite balls than when they followed definite strikes. Similarly, when borderline pitches were shown in different pitch counts, participants called pitches more towards the strike end of the scale when there were three balls in the count (3–0, 3–2). These findings indicate that the standard for evaluation changes based on the context in which stimuli are processed. Moreover, the strength of the contextual factors is illustrated in that the effects were shown in observers with and without experience in the task. Overall, however, umpires had a greater tendency to call strikes, indicating that they may use a norm of “hastening the game”.     

Relative age effects in professional German soccer: A historical analysis

Abstract

Relative age effects (RAEs) refer to the specific selection, participation and attainment (dis)advantages which occur as a result of physical and cognitive differences within annual age-grouped cohorts. The present study tracked the existence of RAEs in professional German soccer by examining RAEs in players, head coaches and referees who represented professional soccer clubs or officiated in the Bundesliga from 1963/64 to 2006/07. An additional objective was to consider the social-cultural mechanisms responsible for RAEs, so for a similar period, population and soccer participation information was also obtained. When players were categorised into half decade groups, chi-square analyses predominantly showed RAEs across the history of the Bundesliga, irrespective of dates used for annual age grouping in junior/youth soccer. RAEs were also apparent for head coaches but not for referees. Participation data indicated consistent and progressive growth from 1950 to 1990. RAEs influence the likelihood of attaining professional player and coaching status in German soccer. With many coaches being former players, inequalities associated with annual age-grouping appear to extend beyond a playing career. Officiating was not affected, with referees suggested to emerge from an alternative development pathway. Increased popularity of soccer may have propagated RAEs over time, through intensification of competition and selection mechanisms.     

The relationship between sport commitment and physical self-concept: Evidence for the self-enhancement hypothesis among adolescent females

ABSTRACT

Perceptions of physical self-concept are critical to physical activity participation. In line with the reciprocal effects model of causal ordering (REM), higher perceptions of physical self-concept can function as a facilitator to physical activity, and can arise as a result of engaging in physical activity. While this relationship has been predominantly tested in physical activity contexts, directional tests between physical self-concept and sport specific outcomes are limited. The current study aimed to evaluate the generalizability of the REM to sport commitment and physical self-concept in youth athletes. Over 24 months, adolescent females (N = 215) completed self-report questionnaires at Time 1 (T1) and two years later (Time 2; T2). Using structural equation modeling, the reciprocal effects model demonstrated that the path leading from T1 physical self-concept to T2 sport commitment was significant (p = .02), whereas the path leading from T1 sport commitment to T2 physical self-concept was not significant (p = .23). The results suggest a unidirectional relationship and may underscore the importance of focusing on the physical self-concept in the development of strategies geared towards improving adolescent female’s sport participation.