体育教师形体语言在教学中的作用

体育学科的教学有着与其他学科不同的特点,作为语言系统重要组成部分的形体语言,在体育教学过程中提高教学效率、促进师生交流、营造教学环境、树立教师形象等方面起着举足轻重的作用。     

A longitudinal assessment of the links between physical activity and physical self-worth in adolescent females

Abstract

A longitudinal framework was used to examine the hypotheses of (1) whether physical activity predicts changes in physical self-worth or (2) whether physical self-worth predicts changes in physical activity in adolescent girls. Participants (n=272) completed measures of physical self-worth and participation in physical activities at three different points spanning a two-year interval. A cross-lagged panel model using structural equation modelling analyses indicated that physical self-worth predicted subsequent physical activity and physical activity in turn predicted subsequent physical self-worth across time. Findings demonstrated a reciprocal relationship between physical self-worth and physical activity during early adolescence. This study supports the use of the reciprocal effects model (REM) in gaining an understanding of the cross-lagged relationships between physical self-worth and participation in physical activities amongst adolescent girls.     

Application of Latent Trait Models to Identifying Substantively Interesting Raters

Historically, research focusing on rater characteristics and rating contexts that enable the assignment of accurate ratings and research focusing on statistical indicators of accurate ratings has been conducted by separate communities of researchers. This study demonstrates how existing latent trait modeling procedures can identify groups of raters who may be of substantive interest to those studying the experiential, cognitive, and contextual aspects of ratings. We employ two data sources in our demonstration—simulated data and data from a large‐scale state‐wide writing assessment. We apply latent trait models to these data to identify examples of rater leniency, centrality, inaccuracy, and differential dimensionality; and we investigate the association between rater training procedures and the manifestation of rater effects in the real data.     

Construct Equivalence of PISA Reading Comprehension Measured With Paper‐Based and Computer‐Based Assessments

For many years, reading comprehension in the Programme for International Student Assessment (PISA) was measured via paper‐based assessment (PBA). In the 2015 cycle, computer‐based assessment (CBA) was introduced, raising the question of whether central equivalence criteria required for a valid interpretation of the results are fulfilled. As an extension of the PISA 2012 main study in Germany, a random subsample of two intact PISA reading clusters, either computerized or paper‐based, was assessed using a random group design with an additional within‐subject variation. The results are in line with the hypothesis of construct equivalence. That is, the latent cross‐mode correlation of PISA reading comprehension was not significantly different from the expected correlation between the two clusters. Significant mode effects on item difficulties were observed for a small number of items only. Interindividual differences found in mode effects were negatively correlated with reading comprehension, but were not predicted by basic computer skills or gender. Further differences between modes were found with respect to the number of missing values.     

“ALPHABET SOUP”: Examining Acronym and Abbreviation Style in Headlines

ABSTRACT

Through a content analysis and survey, this project explores the prevalence and clarity of acronyms in news headlines. Acronyms popular in a local newspaper were largely unknown to a sample of target readers. When asked about their reactions to unfamiliar published acronyms, about half said they would try to figure it out, and about one-third expressed negative emotions (e.g., frustration, annoyance). Additionally, most said unfamiliar acronyms affect their desire to continue reading, at least some of the time. These findings suggest that an increased focus on comprehension over brevity could help journalists better engage their readers.     

人工智能时代背景下高等教育面临的挑战与变革

人工智能广泛应用于社会各个领域,也对我国高等教育产生了巨大影响。文章论述了人工智能的发展特点及应用、对高等教育带来的冲击以及高等教育应该采取的变革措施。     

The fiscal effects of tax-credit scholarship programs in the United States

This article conducts a fiscal analysis of 10 tax-credit programs in seven states. In total, the 10 programs in the present study represent 90% of all scholarships awarded in tax-credit scholarship programs today. The analysis employs a set of cautious assumptions about switcher rates and students who receive multiple scholarships to generate a range of estimates of the net fiscal impact of these tax-credit scholarship programs on state and local taxpayers. Tax-credit scholarship programs up to fiscal year (FY) 2014 generated positive fiscal impacts worth between $1,650 and $3,000 per scholarship student. In FY 2014 alone, tax-credit scholarship programs generated between about $2 million and $223 million for their states. Break-even switcher rates for fiscal neutrality are reported for all programs.     

中国城市用地扩张驱动机制的差异性研究

对于人多地少的中国而言,抑制当前城市化发展中出现的城市用地无序扩张现象,是一个重要且急迫的问题,而政策调控的前提条件则是理清城市用地扩张的驱动机制。通过对中国不同规模、不同行政级别城市用地扩张驱动机制的差异性进行分析,本文尝试着构建了一个更为细化的城市用地扩张理论框架,并利用2001-2011年中国243个城市的面板数据进行了固定效应模型检验,证明了本文所提出的工作假说。研究结果表明：①人口对城市扩张的作用随城市规模升高而递减。小城市用地受到三产业发展推动,而中等城市、特大城市用地则受到二产业发展的推动,其中特大城市受到二产发展更强的影响。大、特大城市较之中小城市,用地扩张受到政府财政支出更强的推动。政府招商引资行为仅对大城市用地扩张有促进作用,对于小、特大城市反而有抑制作用。土地财政的增加也会显著推动城市用地扩张;②相比于地级市,高行政级别城市的政府财政支出对其用地扩张有着更强影响。由于高行政级别城市中政府干预能力较强,土地资源存在错配的问题,二产业仍然是高级别城市、特别是特大城市中用地扩张的强影响力因素,这则有悖于城市发展中产业结构变化的一般趋势。在证明了城市间存在异质性之后,本文建议,相应的城市用地调控政策应该意识到城市间的异质性,有针对性地给出治理政策。     

标准参照考试及其反拨效应

本研究从两个层面( TEM4 和TEM8) 和三个维度( 学科负责人、教师和学生) ,通过问卷调查方式探讨TEM 考试对高校英语专业教学与学习的影响。研究结果显示,学科负责人、教师和学生对考试的关注点 ( 或熟悉程度) 不尽相同;考试成绩在不同程度上给各校提供了评估教学质量和检验学习成果的信息; 然而随着考试影响度的上升,考试成绩也用于院系排名、学位授予、绩效考核、就业与深造等方面;考试未对正常教学秩序或课程造成冲击,但教师和学生受访者内部对考试持不同态度。本研究结果对今后英语专业教学改革具有参考价值。