论军阀幕僚机制的政治准则与军阀首领的驭下之术

军阀幕僚政治属于一种非制度化政治参与。从运作机制的准则看,形成了一套特定的价值准则、行为准则和利益准则。同时,军阀幕僚机制是典型的人治,其政治的运作除了遵行以上的准则外,内部运作的好坏还与军阀首领各人的驭下之术关系极大,它往往决定幕僚群能否稳定,以及如何合理有效地利用群体优势,做到人尽其才,最大化地发挥幕僚作用。     

The Effect of Schools and Classes on Noncognitive Outcomes

This article reports on the effects of individual background characteristics, classes, and schools on 4 noncognitive outcomes at the end of the 1st cycle secondary education in Flanders. The outcomes are: the degree to which the student feels at home in the school environment, the extent to which the student does his/her best for the school work, the academic self-concept, and the social integration in the class. Firstly, the raw class and school effects are estimated. Secondly, a broad set of background variables is introduced to isolate the net class and school effects. Thirdly, class and school composition variables are introduced. Finally, the additional predictive power of a number of other student, class, and school characteristics is documented.