美国环境纠纷解决替代机制制度诱因研究

美国的环境纠纷解决替代机制是纠纷解决替代机制在环境领域上的延伸,最突出的特征在于自愿性程序。以新制度论的视角来考察环境纠纷解决替代机制的发展历程,可以发现它是在“正式制度”不足以应对解决环境纠纷任务时,由民间团体推动产生的。多元化的民间团体不但催生了EADR制度的需求,在制度的创新、推展、执行与监督上皆做出了重要的贡献。美国的经验提示我们要建立高效的环境纠纷解决机制,必须要首先考虑其制度诱因。     

Open Educational Resources and the Transformation of Education

The extremely rapid expansion of open educational resource (OER) initiatives and the millions of learners they attract can be understood as an indicator of an emerging revolution in education and learning. This article describes recent developments in this area and develops conceptual foundations for studies and policies on OER. We describe four different types of OER, locate these in a field of learning theories, and discuss how the wide adoption of OER may constrain and accelerate the transformation of learning and education in the knowledge society.     

Teaching and learning the concept of chemical bonding

Chemical bonding is one of the key and basic concepts in chemistry. The learning of many of the concepts taught in chemistry, in both secondary schools as well as in the colleges, is dependent upon understanding fundamental ideas related to chemical bonding. Nevertheless, the concept is perceived by teachers, as well as by learners, as difficult, with teaching commonly leading to students developing misconceptions. Many of these misconceptions result from over‐simplified models used in text books, by the use of traditional pedagogy that presents a rather limited and sometimes incorrect picture of the issues related to chemical bonding and by assessments of students' achievement that influence the way the topic is taught. In addition, there are discrepancies between scientists regarding key definitions in the topic and the most appropriate models to teach it. In particular, teaching models that are intended to have transitional epistemological value in introducing abstract ideas are often instead understood by students as accounts of ontological reality. In this review paper we provide science educators, curricula developers and pre‐service and in‐service professional development providers an up‐to‐date picture regarding research and developments in teaching about chemical bonding. We review the external and internal variables that might lead to misconceptions and the problematic issue of using limited teaching/learning models. Finally, we review the approaches to teaching the concept that might overcome some of these misconceptions.     

Repeated Reading,Turn Taking,and Augmentative and Alternative Communication (AAC)

This single participant multiple baseline research design measured the effects of repeatedly reading narrative books to children who used voice output augmentative communication devices to communicate. The study sought to determine if there was a difference observed in the number of turns taken when reading stories repeatedly. Three girls ranging in age from seven to nine listened to a different illustrated narrative book during each baseline session. During the intervention phase, a single illustrated book was read repeatedly to each child for six sessions followed by an additional intervention of a second illustrated book for six more sessions. Two of the three participants took more turns during the repeated reading when comparing mean scores. Upon visual inspection it appears the increases were generally in the first couple of repeated readings and then a slope return was displayed toward the baseline level over the six repeated readings. Implications for practice are shared.     

Research summaries for normal birth

In this column, the authors summarize four research studies that further support the benefits of normal birth. The topics of the studies include the association of cesarean birth with an increased risk of neonatal death; the use of acupuncture and self-hypnosis as effective pain-management strategies; factors associated with amniotic-fluid embolism; and the positive influence of continuous support by lay doulas on obstetric outcomes for low-income women.     

解读另类情感——读《任氏传》与《娇娜》

爱情、友情,历来都是文学所常表现的母题,它们与亲情构成了人间的三大至情。然而在沈既济的《任氏传》和蒲松龄的《娇娜》篇中,却可以看到一种介于友情与爱情之间的另类情感。通过对这两篇文章进行对比研究,可以看出这种相似情感背后有着不同的主题,但是在深层都蕴含着作者深深的封建男权思想。     

“非主流”青少年的学校社会工作介入方法

随着中国经济和社会的不断发展与开发,青少年所受到的外部影响因素越来越多,也越来越复杂。在这个过程中,不少青少年出现了不符合社会大众期望或标准的行为,并逐渐形成了一个特殊的群体——＂非主流＂青少年,他们对学校家庭为代表的主流教育和控制方式强烈的排斥,原有的应对措施已不足,这对青少年工作模式提出了严峻挑战。本论文针对＂非主流＂青少年的现状,结合国外以及港台地区关于学校社会工作的理论和方法,对我国学校社会工作的理论建立、如何介入＂非主流＂青少年工作提出了基本看法和基本设想。     

Students' illustrations of the human nervous system as a formative assessment tool

The purpose of this study was to explore students' knowledge and learning of the human nervous system (HNS) in an introductory undergraduate Human Anatomy and Physiology course. Classroom observations, demographic data, a preinstructional unit test with drawings, and a postinstructional unit test with drawings were used to identify students' overall knowledge and learning during the unit of study. Quantitative and qualitative analysis indicate that students have an initially poor understanding of the nervous system with many prevailing alternative conceptions. These alternative conceptions include both structural and functional components and often incorporate colloquial use of language. Findings reveal students include the heart as a major component of the HNS, a reflex arc illustrated by the action rather than structure, and types of neurons (unipolar, bipolar, or multipolar) differentiated by charge or number of cell bodies rather than structural arrangement. Classroom instruction coupled with concurrent laboratory participation provided experiences for students to overcome some of their alternative conceptions. The finding of this research suggest that instructors should be aware of the students' prevailing alternative conceptions prior to instruction and that use of drawings as a formative assessment tool is an excellent way to collect such information. Anat Sci Educ 3:227–233, 2010. © 2010 American Association of Anatomists.     

The use of structuration theory to conceptualize alternative practice in education: the case of private school outreach in India

This paper contributes to arguments for the potential of Giddens’ structuration theory in educational research. It illustrates how ‘conceptual schemes’ from structuration theory were applied to the author’s empirical research on a type of alternative educational practice in India, ‘private school outreach’. It shows how Giddens’ concepts of ‘social system’, ‘structure’ and ‘agency’ helped to conceptualize private school outreach, and how ‘constraint’ and ‘ontological security’ offered explanations of apparent contradictions in private school outreach practice within the context of the reasons and motivations of actors. It also argues that when schools attempt to do things differently, contradictions may occur because the same ‘rules and resources’ that are drawn on in the production of alternative practice are drawn on in the reproduction of practice. Finally, acknowledging the debates around structuration theory, some of its key criticisms are addressed in relation to the empirical application.     

计算机课件制作的效率与效益

计算机辅助教学（CAI）提供了一种新的教学手段和方法,也体现了一种新的教学理念,为此提出新的衡量计算机课件的标准：课件是否能体现计算机这一教学手段的优势,课件是否能减轻教师工作量和学生学习负担,课件是否具有计算机和人的互动功能,课件是否真正提高了教学的效率和效益。