打开通往新物理世界的大门——“江门中微子实验”先导科技专项及进展

中微子物理是粒子物理最重要的前沿之一,存在众多未解之谜,可能成为超出标准模型的新物理突破口,也是粒子物理、天体物理和宇宙学研究的交叉前沿。大亚湾中微子实验2012年出人意料地发现大的新中微子振荡模式,使近期测量中微子质量顺序和CP相角成为可能。江门中微子实验(原名大亚湾二期实验)2013年得到中科院战略性先导科技专项支持,2015年启动建设,预计2020年投入运行。它以测量中微子质量顺序为核心科学目标,同时精确测量中微子6个振荡参数中的3个,达到好于1%的国际最好水平,使检验中微子混合矩阵的幺正性、发现新物理成为可能。它也可以研究超新星中微子、地球中微子、太阳中微子、大气中微子,寻找暗物质、质子衰变等,在多个领域达到国际先进水平,不仅能对理解微观的粒子物理规律做出重大贡献,也将对宇宙学、天体物理乃至地球物理做出重大贡献。     

Index of mechanical efficiency in competitive and recreational long distance runners

The purpose of this investigation was to compare external work and net energy expenditure during a bout of repetitive stretch-shortening cycles between competitive and recreational long-distance runners. Participants were divided into either competitive or recreational runners based on their maximal oxygen consumption and self-reported 1600 m times. The stretch-shortening cycle involved a repetitive hopping protocol on a force plate while measuring oxygen consumption and lactate accumulation for a total of 10 min. External work and net energy expenditure were calculated for 3 min after steady state was achieved and the ratio between these variables was utilised as an index of mechanical efficiency. Lower extremity stiffness was calculated during this interval as well. Net energy expenditure was significantly lower in competitive runners (152.6 ± 33.3 kJ) in comparison to recreational runners (200.6 ± 41.4 kJ) (P = 0.02) given similar amounts of external work performed in both groups (competitive runners = 65.6 ± 20.1 kJ, recreational runners = 68.8 ± 12.1 kJ) (P = 0.67). Index of mechanical efficiency was significantly different between competitive runners (43.2 ± 9.0%) and recreational runners (34.8 ± 5.3%) (P = 0.03). No significant differences were found in lower extremity stiffness (P = 0.64). Competitive distance runners can perform similar levels of external work with lower net energy expenditure and thus a higher index of mechanical efficiency during repetitive stretch-shortening cycles in comparison to recreational runners with similar values of lower extremity stiffness. This ability could possibly be due differences in muscle–tendon length changes, muscle pre-activation, cross-bridge potentiation and short-latency reflex responses as a result of training which should be considered for future investigation.     

河北皮艇运动员体能训练效果实证研究

运用文献资料法、测试法和数理统计法,以河北省8名皮艇运动员为研究对象,全面评估运动员的体能状态,检验体能训练效果。体成分和核心力量测试均显示运动员左右侧机体力量不均衡、不对称,与日常的训练安排、训练方式方法有关,提示在今后的训练中可以阶段性测试、横向比较。无氧代谢能力测试显示,运动员具有良好的无氧工作能力,但蹬车最大转数与桨频的关系、最大功率持续时间、功率衰减率等问题,需要继续关注。平衡能力测试显示,男运动员左右脚在前后方向上的控制能力较弱,女运动员在内外方向上的平衡能力差。旨在为后续训练计划的制订提供依据。     

"YO-YO测试"应用研究进展

在大多数球类比赛中,运动员需要在长时间内承受间歇性大小负荷的交替变化,因此,对运动员的间歇负荷能力有很高的要求。YO-YO测试可以对运动员重复间歇性负荷的能力进行评价。国内对YO-YO测试与运动员之间的相关研究较为缺乏。文章就近年来国外对YO-YO测试与运动员比赛表现以及有氧耐力、无氧耐力指标的相关性研究进行综述,为"YO-YO测试"在国内足球及其它项目的训练监控应用中提供参考依据。     

广西壮族男大学生Wingate无氧工作能力的变化

以广西师范大学男学生为研究对象,测定30sWingate最大功率、平均功率和疲劳指数,观察壮族大学生无氧工作能力的变化,结果发现：最大功率并没有变化,平均功率从一至三年级下降,四年级上升,且在三年级时达到低值,疲劳指数在三年级上升到峰值,但没有统计学意义。     

Validity of a single lactate measure to predict fixed lactate thresholds in athletes

This study aimed to validate the use of a single blood lactate concentration measure taken following a 12 km h^?1 running stage (BLC₁₂) to predict and monitor fixed blood lactate concentration (FBLC) thresholds. Three complementary studies were undertaken. Study I: the relationships between BLC₁₂ and the running speeds at FBLC of 3 mmol L^?1 (S3mM) and 4 mmol L^?1 (S4mM) measured during a multistage running field test were examined in 136 elite athletes. Study II: data from 30 athletes tested one year apart were used to test the predictive capacity of the equations obtained in Study I. Study III: 80 athletes were tested before and after an intensified training period to examine whether training-induced changes in FBLC thresholds could be predicted and monitored by BLC₁₂. Study I: BLC₁₂ was significantly (P < 0.001) and inversely related to S3mM (R² = 0.89) and S4mM (R² = 0.95). Study II: prediction models yielded robust correlations between the estimated and measured FBLC thresholds (r = 0.94–0.99; P < 0.001). Study III: estimated changes predicted actual training-induced changes in FBLC thresholds (r = 0.81–0.91; P < 0.001). This study gives empirical support to use a single lactate measure during a sub-maximal running field test as a simple, low-cost and practical alternative to FBLC thresholds in athletes.     

Effects of high-intensity interval training on canoeing performance

The purpose of this study was to compare the effects of high-intensity interval training (HIIT) and moderate-intensity continuous training (MICT) utilizing a canoeing ergometer on endurance determinants, as well as aerobic and anaerobic performances among flat-water canoeists. Fourteen well-trained male flat-water canoeists were divided into an HIIT group or an MICT group. All subjects performed a continuous graded exercise test (GXT) and three fixed-distance (200, 500, and 1000?m) performance tests on a canoeing ergometer to determine canoeing economy, peak oxygen uptake (VO₂peak), and power at VO₂peak, and to calculate the critical velocity (CV) and anaerobic work capacity before and after the training programmes. The training programme involved training on a canoeing ergometer three times per week for four weeks. HIIT consisted of seven 2 min canoeing bouts at an intensity of 90% VO₂peak separated by 1 min of rest. The MICT group was trained at an intensity of 65% VO₂peak continuously for 20 min. After four weeks of training, performance in the 200-m distance test and the power at VO₂peak significantly improved in the HIIT group; performance in the 500?m and 1000?m distances and CV significantly improved in the MICT group. However, all variables were not significantly different between groups. It is concluded that HIIT for four weeks is an effective training strategy for improvement of short-distance canoeing performance. In contrast, MICT improves middle-distance canoeing performances and aerobic capacity.     

大强度的无氧间歇练习、有氧耐力练习及其组合练习的次序对恢复期心脏自主神经功能的影响

目的：评估大强度的无氧间歇练习、有氧耐力练习及其组合练习的次序对恢复期心脏自主神经功能的影响。方法：采用随机交互设计,15名健康男性受试者分别完成4次运动：600 m间歇跑练习、30 min大强度持续跑练习、600 m间歇跑加30 min大强度持续跑练习,30 min大强度持续跑加600 m间歇跑练习,分别在运动前（0~10 min）、整个运动期间和运动后恢复期（0~20 min）记录RR间期,并进行相应HRV分析以及在运动前和运动后即刻进行血乳酸测试。结果：与安静状态相比,运动中HR、EPOC和TRIMP均显著增加,但组合练习次序间不存在显著差异;恢复期20 min内,HR随恢复时间增加逐渐降低,但同一恢复阶段不同运动方案之间无显著差异;RMSSD、SDNN、SDNN/HR、HF和LF变化相似,在整个恢复阶段均显著低于安静值,但HF和LF在恢复期（15~20 min）显著增加;而LF/HF随着恢复时间延长显著增加。结论：大强度的无氧间歇练习、持续有氧练习及其组合练习,在运动后早期恢复阶段（0~20 min）HRV变化趋于一致,提示耐力运动后心脏自主神经功能的调整可能不具有运动形式依赖性。此外,大强度无氧间歇和有氧耐力练习的组合练习次序不影响运动后恢复期心脏自主功能的调节,恢复期20 min内,交感活性仍处于较高水平。     

台阶无氧功率实验中负荷与功率关系的研究

台阶无氧功率实验自创立至今已有３０余年的历史。在此期羊个体最大台阶无氧功率一直是有关学者致力追求的目标。能否获得个体最大无氧功率是关系到此实验方法的科学性和应用价值的重要标志。为了实现这个目标,笔者对若干级别负荷的台阶无氧功率实验进行了比较研究。结果发现负荷与无氧功率成曲线相关关系。曲线形状为近似抛物线。抛物线的顶点为个体最大无氧功率,个体最大无氧功率所对应的负荷值为适宜负荷。本文给出了推算个体最大台阶无氧功率的曲线方程和负荷的体重百分比标定法,笔者认为以往徒手台阶无氧功率实验只是台阶无氧功率实验中最低负荷的一种。台阶无氧功率实验的定义须进一步确定。     

心率在乳酸评定中的应用及CONCONI测试

在训练和比赛中因强度不同而导致的不同代谢特点可改变机体乳酸浓度,通过刺激化学感受器改变心血管机能的活动从而使心率增加。心率增加有时不受乳酸浓度的影响,只与心脏本身的耗氧有关,从而导致心率的漂移。另一方面,随乳酸浓度的增加对心脏的刺激就增强,但当乳酸浓度的增加达到一定的水平时,心率的变化就会发生改变,从而产生康科尼效应。