间歇性低氧训练对拳击运动员无氧和有氧能力的影响

目的:探究间歇性低氧训练对拳击运动员有氧能力和无氧能力的影响,拳击运动员的科学训练提供参考。方法:本研究选取了高水平拳击运动员30人,随机分配为实验组和对照组两组,对两组拳击运动员进行两次相同的拳击训练,实验组在额外训练的基础上在低氧训练室进行常压训练,对照组只在常氧条件下进行锻炼。所有运动员干预6周,每周训练3次,每次45-50分钟。在干预前后对所有运动员进行无氧Wingate测试和有氧分级测试。结果:研究表明在无氧方面,实验组干预前后无氧功率显著提高(P<0.05),由976w提升至1021w,达到峰值功率的时间显著降低(P<0.05),由6.27s降低到5.25s,而对照组无氧功率和达到峰值时间变化并不显著(P>0.05),且干预后实验组和对照组相比,实验组无氧功率和达到峰值时间变化明显更优(P<0.05)。在有氧能力方面,两组拳击运动员干预前后最大摄氧量均没有明显的变化。结论:本研究认为,间歇性低氧训练能有效提高拳击运动员的无氧能力,而对有氧能力的改善并不明显。     

大强度运动过程中无氧代谢消耗非蛋白供能物质的计算方法探讨

本文主要针对大强度运动过程中无氧代谢消耗非蛋白供能物质的计算方法进行探讨。由于机体内部能量代谢的过程复杂,所以仅从能量守恒理论出发,根据气体代谢法在能量代谢中的应用对大强度运动过程机体能量代谢的物质量及能量进行计算,并对计算结果进行相关的检验与探讨。     

1500m耐力训练中实施心率和血乳酸监测的研究

为了探求1500m运动员耐力训练的最优效果,采用实验法、数据统计法等研究方法,对哈尔滨市省属3所高校10名男子1500m运动员运用5级递增负荷法进行无氧阈的测试,并对心率和血乳酸等生理指标进行监控、分析和评价。实验结果显示:(1)无氧阈强度时血乳酸与心率的变化曲线高度相关,可以用心率来代替血乳酸指标指导训练,是1500m训练中控制运动强度的简便易行的有效方法;(2)高校1500m运动员耐力训练可以参照171±9.2这个范围作为男子无氧阈强度的临界心率,以3.9mmo1/L作为乳酸无氧阈的临界值。(3)在实际训练中可以采用低强度训练负荷、长时间中强度耐力训练和间歇性大强度训练等方法。     

上海市10～18岁女青少年运动员生长发育与15 s无氧功特点及相关性分析

目的：探讨女青少年运动员生长发育与15S无氧功特点及其相关关系．对象和方法：以650名上海市10-18岁女运动员为对象,分别测试身高、体重、体脂率、肌肉量、瘦体重和立定跳远．并采集15S无氧功率自行车的最大功率、平均功率、最大转速、最大转速出现时间等指标,分析其特点及相关性、结果：上海市女青少年运动员身高及体重在10-13岁、最大和平均功率在㈤～15岁增长最快,15岁后趋于稳定,瘦体重、体重和肌肉与功率的相关性依次降低、结论：对女青少年运动员速度力量的训练要在15岁之前,评价女青少年运动员磷酸原代谢能力时最好使用瘦体重相对功率。     

The child and exercise: An overview

In this paper the complex topic of ‘the child and exercise’ is approached from a multidisciplinary angle. Research concerned with effects of exercise on growth and development is reviewed. In spite of traditional beliefs, there is not enough evidence to support the view that regular and intense physical training promotes an increase in body size, nor is there any physiological evidence that severe training has any harmful effect on the body.

Exercise capacity and aerobic power increase gradually throughout childhood. Investigations have shown that children aged 10 years or younger do not react with an increased VO₂ max as one would expect from endurance activities. The trainability of endurance seems to depend on the biological maturity level of growing children. After puberty the effects of endurance training are similar to those reported for adults. Just how much physical activity is necessary or optimal during the growing years is not known because individual variation is great. Even fewer results are available on the trainability of anaerobic capacity. The trainability of other factors such as strength, speed, flexibility and coordination is amply discussed. Finally some thoughts are given to young female athletes, both early and late maturers, with respect to their sport performance and expectancies.     

A comparison of two methods for the calculation of accumulated oxygen deficit

Abstract

The aim of this study was to compare accumulated oxygen deficit data derived using two different exercise protocols with the aim of producing a less time-consuming test specifically for use with athletes. Six road and four track male endurance cyclists performed two series of cycle ergometer tests. The first series involved five 10 min sub-maximal cycle exercise bouts, a VO_2peak test and a 115% VO_2peak test. Data from these tests were used to estimate the accumulated oxygen deficit according to the calculations of Medbø et al. (1988). In the second series of tests, participants performed a 15 min incremental cycle ergometer test followed, 2 min later, by a 2 min variable resistance test in which they completed as much work as possible while pedalling at a constant rate. Analysis revealed that the accumulated oxygen deficit calculated from the first series of tests was higher (P<0.02) than that calculated from the second series: 52.3±11.7 and 43.9±6.4 ml·kg^?1, respectively (mean±s). Other significant differences between the two protocols were observed for VO_2peak, total work and maximal heart rate; all were higher during the modified protocol (P<0.01 and P<0.02, respectively). Oxygen kinetics were also significantly faster during the modified 2 min maximal test. We conclude that the difference in accumulated oxygen deficit between protocols was probably due to a reduced oxygen uptake, possibly caused by a slower oxygen on-response during the 115% VO_2peak test in the first series, and VO₂—power output regression differences caused by an elevated VO ₂ during the early stages of the second series.     

Physiological Profiles of High School Female Cross Country Runners

Abstract

Percent body fat, ratings of perceived exertion and maximal oxygen consumption during a continuous running treadmill test were obtained on 127 high school female cross country runners. These young runners (x 15.6 yrs) were running approximately 25 miles per week at the time of testing. They had an average [Vdot]O₂ max of 50.8 ml · min^-1 and an HR max of 198.0 bpm. The mean percent body fat, as determined from hydrostatic weighing, was 15.4%. The onset of metabolic acidosis was estimated to occur at 78% of [Vdot]O₂ max. A stepwise multiple regression with the 3000 meter run as the dependent variable indicated that max treadmill run time, weight relative [Vdot]O₂ max and [Vdot] max entered the equation in that order, yielding an R of 0.67. Both HR and RPE increased with work intensity, but not at equal rates. These high school female runners had higher [Vdot]O₂ max's than previously reported for this age group; however, they were considerably below these values reported for national caliber distance runners.     

A Methodological Consideration for the Determination of Critical Power and Anaerobic Work Capacity

Abstract

Laboratory research in motor learning has consistently demonstrated higher retention and!or transfer when practice occurs under conditions of high contextual variety (e.g., Lee &; Magill, 1983; Newell &; Shapiro, 1976; Shea of Morgan, 1979;). In the present study, an attempt was made to determine whether a contextual variety effect could be demonstrated in a standard physical education instructional setting. During practice trials on the long and short badminton serves, male and female subjects performed under either blocked (i.e., all trials of one serve followed by all trials of the other) or varied (i.e., alternating trials of long and short serves) conditions. Retention and transfer tests (i.e., using the service area opposite that employed during the practice phase) were administered at the end of the badminton unit. Although little difference was observed in the performance of the two groups during practice, alternating-trial subjects demonstrated significantly higher retention of the short serve and significantly higher transfer of both serves than blocked-trial subjects. The performance of male and female subjects was not differentially influenced by practice structure conditions. It was concluded that a practice schedule that requires performers to change their plan of action from trial to trial may facilitate the retention and transfer of motor skills in applied instructional settings.     

餐厨垃圾生物制氢研究进展

利用餐厨垃圾进行生物制氢,不仅可解决餐厨垃圾的处置问题,而且可以产生清洁的氢能,已成为当前国内外学者研究的热点之一。了解了餐厨垃圾产氢机理及底物特性、工艺条件、产氢茵种、反应器类型等应用化技术在餐厨垃圾制氢中的应用现状。展望了餐厨垃圾制氢的研究应针对高效混合产氢菌种的选育和改造、各种生态因子对餐厨垃圾产氢茵群影响的研究．并进行新的餐厨垃圾制氢工艺和高效、规模化的餐厨垃圾生物制氢反应器的开发。     

体育专业学生无氧运动能力的研究与分析

运用Wingate无氧功率测试方法对216名在校的体育专业学生进行了无氧功率的测定,结果表明,男生的最大无氧功率、平均无氧功率、最小无氧功率及无氧功率下降率都明显高于女生,结果具有显著性差异。说明男生无氧运动能力高于女生,但男生比女生更容易产生疲劳,推测可能与负荷的阻力有明显关系。