明清小说对八股因素的直接容纳

明清小说作者借鉴八股文的文体特征是多角度、多样化的,比照明清小说与八股文可以发现,很多小说都融会了诸种八股要素。小说作者讲论儒家经典实属平常,他们频繁、大段地讲论经书,常常针对朱熹《集注》讨论句意,甚至直接将八股术语纳入小说当中,有意借鉴八股要素的意图十分明显。     

汉语用亲属称谓表达对称的历时考察

汉语表达对称的方式丰富多样,显示出汉语强大的表达力.亲属称谓是其中的一种.拟亲属称谓是汉语中使用亲属称谓称呼非亲属的一种方式.以古代汉语、近代汉语和现代汉语三个时期的著作《世说新语》、《水浒传》、《茶馆》等为语言材料,对汉语用亲属称谓表达对称的方式进行历时研究,可以得出:随着宗法观念的淡薄,用亲属称谓表达对称的方式有弱化的趋势.拟亲属称谓是汉语对称表达方式的一大特色.     

The Willed Body Donor Interview project: Medical student and donor expectations

The Anatomical Donations Program at the University of Michigan Medical School (UMMS) has begun a multiphase project wherein interviews of donors will be recorded and later shown to medical students who participate in the anatomical dissection course. The first phase of this project included surveys of both current UMMS medical students and donors concerning their perceptions of such a program. A five‐question survey administered via Qualtrics software was electronically mailed to all current medical students at UMMS, and a survey was mailed to registered and potential donors requesting information from the UMMS on anatomical donations. A total of 224 medical student responses (response rate 33%) and 54 donor responses (response rate 27%) were received. Seventy‐four percent of students and 81% of donors reported they would participate in this program if it existed. Students and donors supported the implementation of this program for varying reasons, though many felt strongly they would not want to participate in a donor interview program. These qualitative results support those of previous studies that show a majority of students desire a closer personal relationship with the donor, and these are the first results to be reported on donor perceptions of a donor interview program. Although many students and donors are in favor of instituting this program, others feel strongly that such an experience could be traumatic. The causes of these differing reactions need to be further explored, and the opinions of those who object to this study will be respected by maintaining voluntary participation in future phases of this study. Anat Sci Educ 6: 90–100. © 2012 American Association of Anatomists.     

面向叙词表更新的新术语分布特征研究

[目的/意义]为增强叙词表实用性，需要不断地将领域中出现的新术语更新到叙词表中，更新维护过程中，从时间及词频等角度对新术语分布特征进行探索研究，可以为新术语发现方法提供参考。[方法/过程]基于新术语相关特征，结合对应文档频率在时间点和时间段上的发展分布，通过相关统计分析，研究术语在不同成长时期的分布特征，尤其界定术语在开始期与成长期的分布差异。[结果/结论]实证分析表明新术语一般处于术语发展的成长期，当候选新术语保持正向增长趋势超过一定年限，可以认为该术语同时具有新颖性、时间持续性及术语性特征。基于该分布特征进行领域新术语的识别，结合词表编制专家的判断，该方法在新术语收录判断中具有较高的准确率，且能有效识别实际应用中占比较多的低频词。     

论医学名词术语的统一规范表达

医学名词术语的规范化使用,对医学新理论、新技术的传播和应用起着重要的作用．本文对我国医学名词术语统一和规范的定名原则进行了阐述,同时介绍使用医学名词术语的原则方法及常用医学名词术语的规范表达．     

关于船艺中几个术语的定义及其对应英语之管见

就船艺中若干名词术语的定义及英文翻译出现的问题进行了多方位的探讨与分析 ,并提出了如何正确命名的建议。     

Breaking with Tradition: A Scoping Meta-Analysis Analyzing the Effects of Student-Centered Learning and Computer-Aided Instruction on Student Performance in Anatomy

While prior meta-analyses in anatomy education have explored the effects of laboratory pedagogies and histology media on learner performance, the effects of student-centered learning (SCL) and computer-aided instruction (CAI) have not been broadly evaluated. This research sought to answer the question, “How effective are student-centered pedagogies and CAI at increasing student knowledge gains in anatomy compared to traditional didactic approaches?” Relevant studies published within the past 51 years were searched using five databases. Predetermined eligibility criteria were applied to the screening of titles and abstracts to discern their appropriateness for study inclusion. A summary effect size was estimated to determine the effects of SCL and CAI on anatomy performance outcomes. A moderator analysis of study features was also performed. Of the 3,035 records screened, 327 underwent full-text review. Seven studies, which comprised 1,564 participants, were included in the SCL analysis. An additional 19 studies analyzed the effects of CAI in the context of 2,570 participants. Upon comparing SCL to traditional instruction, a small positive effect on learner performance was detected (standardized mean difference (SMD = 0.24; [CI = 0.07, 0.42]; P = 0.006). Likewise, students with CAI exposure moderately outscored those with limited or no access to CAI (SMD = 0.59; [CI = 0.20, 0.98]; P = 0.003). Further analysis of CAI studies identified effects (P ≤ 0.001) for learner population, publication period, interventional approach, and intervention frequency. Overall, learners exposed to SCL and supplemental CAI outperformed their more classically-trained peers as evidenced by increases in short-term knowledge gains. Anat Sci Educ. © 2018 American Association of Anatomists.     

Ethical Rationales and Guidelines for the Continued Use of Archival Collections of Embryonic and Fetal Specimens

Benefits from the use of cadavers in anatomical education are well described. Historically, human embryos and fetal cadavers were used in anatomy education to understand development and congenital malformations. Recently, three-dimensional printed models produced from archival fetal specimens, and online repositories of images from archival collections of embryos and fetuses, have been used as an educational tool in human development courses. Given that the archival specimens were likely obtained prior to the era of informed consent, this raises questions about their appropriate and ethical use. Because some institutions in the United States retain archival collections of embryonic and fetal specimens that were once used as educational tools, their existence and utility require frequent reexamination against contemporary ethical frameworks to guide appropriate use or utilization. Four ethical rationales for uses of these collections are examined, including destruction, indefinite storage, use in research, and use in health professions education. Guidelines for the use of archival collections of human embryos and fetuses are presented. Indefinite storage and use in health professions education are supported, while use in research is also permitted, however, such use is limited and dependent on circumstance and purpose. The development of current digital repositories and three-dimensionally printed models based on archival collections that were collected without informed consent, or those promoting commercial opportunity, are not supported. New embryonic and fetal donations obtained with informed consent should include reference to potential uses with new technology and virtual, genetic, or imaging applications.     

四种植物分泌结构的观察

为了解芳香植物的香气与显微结构的相关性,文章以白兰花、杧果、薄荷、艾草作为实验材料,采用改进的徒手切片法和光学显微镜观察供试植物的叶和茎的内部显微结构。结果显示：白兰花、杧果、薄荷、艾草四种植物的茎叶都具有分泌结构,但其显微结构及分布位置有所不同。其中白兰花和杧果的分泌结构属于内分泌结构,薄荷和艾草的分泌结构属于外分泌结构。     

A simple and efficient device for demonstrating cross‐sectional anatomy of the head

Described in this article is a novel device that facilitates study of the cross‐sectional anatomy of the human head. In designing our device, we aimed to protect sections of the head from the destructive action of handling during anatomy laboratory while also ensuring excellent visualization of the anatomic structures. We used an electric saw to create 15‐mm sections of three cadaver heads in the three traditional anatomic planes and inserted each section into a thin, perforated display box made of transparent acrylic material. The thin display boxes with head sections are kept in anatomical order in a larger transparent acrylic storage box containing formaldehyde solution, which preserves the specimens but also permits direct observation of the structures and their anatomic relationships to each other. This box‐within‐box design allows students to easily view sections of a head in its anatomical position as well as to examine internal structures by manipulating individual display boxes without altering the integrity of the preparations. This methodology for demonstrating cross‐section anatomy allows efficient use of cadaveric material and technician time while also giving learners the best possible handling and visualization of complex anatomic structures. Our approach to teaching cross‐sectional anatomy of the head can be applied to any part of human body, and the value of our device design will only increase as more complicated understandings of cross‐sectional anatomy are required by advances and proliferation of imaging technology. Anat Sci Educ 2010. © 2010 American Association of Anatomists.