Animals in Chinese and Western Culture

In the development of human civilization,human beings have had frequent contact with different animals.Because of the differ ent cultural background of Chinese and English nationalities and the individuality of national culture,the animals also reflect the different totems or symbols.So in order to learn English well,learn the animals in different culture deeply and communicate properly in inter-cul tural communications,it is necessary to comparative analysis the different culture in Chinese and Western.This paper studied the reflection and connotation of animas in Chinese and western culture.Through giving examples and analysis the two aspects,this paper found that the reasons causing animals connotation differences in different cultures.     

On Translation of Animal Metaphors

Metaphors have been described as a central role of our cognitive apparatus. It is central to our understanding of how language, thought and discourse are structured. Animal metaphors as an important part of metaphors take advantage of the animals’ characteristics to describe a person or a thing vividly and chiefly. Sometimes animal metaphors will give people a humorous and novel picture. In linguistics, it can fill in the vacancy in languages, and make the expression exact and visually. Metaphor is kind of figure of speech. The thesis analyzes the function and style of metaphor and discusses the metaphors’ structure in grammar. How we understand the animal’s meaning is the key to translate the animal metaphors. All the animal words have both denotative meanings and connotative meanings. In most cases, the animals connotative meanings are the same or similar. People usually have the same idea about the animals; therefore, even the people who do not know English can understand some animal metaphors However, due to his tory, religion, phonetics, geography, life style, aesthetics and social psychology, the animals’ connotative meanings are different or even con trary. Facing these problems, how we translate the animal metaphors. I find four methods: adaptation, simile with explanation, paraphrase, and annotation. Adaptation is very efficient for the animal metaphors, which have counterpart in Chinese. Simile-with-explanation is the commonest method to translate animal metaphors, which are similar across the cultures easy to comprehend. Paraphrase is the last method to translate animal metaphors, and especially it can deal with any case that the animal metaphors are profound. Annotation is used to trans late animal metaphors in context, particularly in written English. Using the four methods, we can translate animal metaphors successfully. And while we are doing translation, we should understand English animals’ name very well, and pay attention to the Chinese animals’ meaning to make sure our readers understand the author’s in tended meanings. The thesis consists of five parts. The first part of the thesis states the significance and necessity of topic, problems to be solved in the thesis, and the framework of the thesis. The second part is literature review. The third part analyzes the animal vocabulary’s meanings. The fourth part gives four methods to do the animal metaphors translation. The conclusion part reviews the whole thesis and points out the weakness to be improved.     

3岁男童眼结膜吸吮线虫病1例并文献复习

对1例3岁男童眼结膜吸吮线虫病进行了临床分析,并对此病的发病原因、临床表现及防治进行了文献复习。     

湖北房县《诗经》文化的产业开发价值——以《诗经》中的动植物为例

房县是《诗经》的产生地,是《诗经》整理者”诗祖”尹吉甫的故里。《诗经》中的一些诗歌采自古房陵一带,从周、召二风的语词看,其诗歌多出自包括房陵在内的江汉地区,也有周公、召公治下的洛阳民歌。《诗经》中的动物有103种,植物有158种。拥有如此丰富的《诗经》文化资源,房县完全可以大手笔地书写《诗经》产业开发篇章,可以以《诗经》中的动植物为主要载体,进行相关方面的产业开发。     

Animals in Science and Education

SUMMARY

This article provides an overview of the ethical issues associated with the use of animals in scientific research and education, including references to arguments on both sides of the issue. It reviews print resources on the use of animals in science and education, dividing them into categories relating to either science/research, education, or both. Also provided are reviews of some Internet sites that offer other resources and provide full text of documents that may no longer be available in print.     

Building a Library Collection on Ethical Vegetarianism

SUMMARY

This article discusses six interrelated categories of resources on ethical vegetarianism, and reviews titles for each of the six essential categories for libraries.     

Lessons with Living Harvest Mice: An empirical study of their effects on intrinsic motivation and knowledge acquisition

The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of living animals on pupils’ intrinsic motivation and knowledge. Various studies from the late 1970s and 1980s stress the high effectiveness of authentic learning experiences in pupils’ knowledge acquisition. However, there are only few current empirical studies on this topic. The research question of our study is to assess whether the use of living animals in the biology classroom supports intrinsic motivation and knowledge acquisition. In a pre-/post-test design, 185 fifth graders received two different treatments: the experimental group (N?=?74) was taught with living harvest mice (Micromys minutus) and the control group (N?=?111) received lessons with the same content which was presented in short film clips on laptop computers. Knowledge acquisition was assessed with open-ended and closed questions, while intrinsic motivation was tested with an adapted version of the Intrinsic Motivation Inventory (IMI). There were no differences in knowledge acquisition between the treatments. However, the results of the IMI showed significant differences in favour of the experimental group in interest/enjoyment, perceived competence, and perceived autonomy. Thus, living animals exert a positive influence on motivation.     

Two ways of acquiring environmental knowledge: by encountering living animals at a beehive and by observing bees via digital tools

ABSTRACT

Pollinating animals are profoundly affected by the current loss of biodiversity, a problem that is of concern to science, policy-makers and the public. One possibility to raise awareness for pollinator conservation is education. Unfortunately, insects such as bees are often perceived as frightening creatures; a negative emotion that may hinder successful learning processes. Thus, any educational initiative must conquer this obstacle and promote conservational knowledge. Using a quasi-experimental design, we evaluated the effectiveness of an educational programme using two student-centred learning approaches: One by encountering living honeybees (Apis mellifera) at a beehive (N?=?162), the other by using an eLearning tool connected to a remote beehive (N?=?192). We monitored secondary school students’ environmentally relevant knowledge of bees, their environmental attitudes and their perception of bees in regard to conservation and dangerousness. The results indicate that both approaches lead to the acquisition of conservational knowledge in the short and medium term. Direct experiences with nature are regarded as crucial, but using an eLearning tool in environmental education constitutes an outstanding alternative to acquire knowledge. Adolescents with low ‘green’ attitudes responded positively to the online beehive, and the perceived danger of bees played no role in the learning process.     

汉语和英语动物词汇文化内涵差异浅谈

动物具有显著特征．英、汉语言中对这些特性看法总体相同，因此无论是汉语还是英语，大多数词汇含义都是相同或相近的。但是，由于不同的文化背景．对同一动物词产生不同的联想，对同一动物词赋予不同的文化内涵．通常一种动物的概念意义完全相同．而其文化内涵却有明显差异、相互矛盾甚至意义相反。动物词汇常带有鲜明的民族文化特征．部分动物词具有不同的褒贬含义．因此．英、汉两种语言使用和翻译中，应谊注意到谊词的文化内涵，避免出现歧义。     

基因工程技术对人类社会的影响

基因是决定生物性状的基本因子,随着人类对基因认识的不断深入,基因工程技术发展到了一个新的历史阶段。基因工程在现代科技进步和社会发展中发挥着日益重要的作用,同时基因工程技术在不断解决人类社会所面临日益尖锐的问题和矛盾的同时,也带来了许多令人担忧的社会问题。如何引导基因工程技术朝着有利于人类的方向发展,这是整个人类社会面临的重大课题。