Offside decision making of assistant referees in the English Premier League: Impact of physical and perceptual-cognitive factors on match performance

Abstract

In the present study, we investigated the accuracy of offside judgements of assistant referees in the English Premier League. The moment in the match, the position and movement speed of the assistant referee, attacker and second-last defender, together with the angle of view for the assistant referee were all considered to underlie incorrect decisions. The error rate was 17.5% (868 of 4960 situations). As the English assistant referees tended not to signal in doubtful situations (c = 0.91), there was an overall bias towards non-flag errors (773 non-flag errors vs. 95 flag errors). The flash-lag hypothesis could explain all flag errors, whereas the optical-error hypothesis could explain a proportion of the non-flag errors (45.4%). Fatigue, movement speed, and angle of view did not have a detrimental effect on offside decision making. In conclusion, there were fewer flag errors than in the 2002 and 2006 FIFA World Cups, whereas the number of non-flag errors rose. The increased awareness of factors involved in offside decision making and the instructions to give the benefit of the doubt to attackers could have contributed to this situation.     

初中学生冰上运动安全知识、技能实验干预研究

运用知识讲座、宣传手册、知识竞赛等方式对初一被试学生进行冰上运动安全实验干预,使用自编问卷评估实验前后被试学生冰上运动安全知识技能掌握情况,使用SPSS17．0对获得数据进行自身对照T检验。结果表明：学生通过知识讲座、技能培训、安全手册学习和知识竞赛等干预形式掌握了冰上运动安全知识、安全防护技能和运动损伤急救知识,说明实验干预内容、方法有效可行。     

射击心理训练与发挥

射击运动员技术水平的提高是一个方面,更重要的是与比赛发挥相关联的心理能力的训练和提高。只有技术训练水平而没有发挥高水平的良好的心理能力作保证,其竞技能力永远是低下的。因此,心理技能是发挥的重要因素,因而运动竞赛的心理训练应得到非常的重视。     

大学英语基础阶段教学探索

针对高等学校一年级新生的特点,在教学过程中给学生打好扎实的语言基本功,注重听、说、读、写、译各项语言技能的全面发展,突出语言应用能力、创新能力的培养。     

论歌唱基本功训练的核心

歌唱者必须通过基本功训练的途径，掌握科学的歌唱发声的基本方法和技巧。歌唱基本功训练的核心是打开喉咙，可以通过“打呵欠”、“模仿”、“大哭”和“大笑”来体会，并注意声带的变化运用，巧用元音“i”帮助打开喉咙。     

高职高专语文教育专业课程体系及教学内容创新的思考

新基础教育改革的施行对中小学语文教师提出了更高的要求,作为中小学语文教师培养机构之一的高职高专语文教育专业面临着巨大的挑战。改革课程体系及教学内容是必由之路,文章立足寻求突破语文教育专业原有课程体系的桎梏,提出了一个以"学生为本"的理念,以技能、实践和就业为导向的课程体系及教学内容的改革方案,以期为我国高职高专语文教育专业课程体系的改革提供些许帮助。     

顶岗实习：高职教育能力观视角下的课程新模式

职业能力是高职教育能力体系的核心,在课程模式构建中,首先要注意培养学生的职业能力,其次是培养学生的关键能力,以实现对职业技能的促进和迁移。顶岗实习是目前高职教育实践课程改革的重要举措,是培养高职教育能力的有效途径。     

基于人才队伍分类的供电企业人力资源管理措施探索

供电企业是技术密集型与资产密集型企业,其人才队伍建设和人力资源管理是众多管理决策者关心的一个永恒主题。提出了一种基于人才队伍建设的供电企业人力资源管理思想,并分别给出了适合不同类型人才队伍发展的人力资源管理措施,对供电企业具有一定的参考价值。     

The semantic effects of consulting a textual database on rewriting

Children 8-10-years old were asked to write a story and then to improve it using resource texts. A first group accessed the resource texts through a computer database, a second group read the texts on paper and no texts were given to a third group. Regardless of their reading abilities, the children using computers produced more propositions during rewriting and, in particular, more macrostructural propositions. Inventions inspired by the resource texts outnumbered borrowings, particularly in the computer-assisted group. Our interpretation stresses the effect of the database learning environment on the reprocessing of mental models involved in generating first drafts.     

金圣叹的小说结构技巧论初探

金圣叹在评点《水浒传》时，着力探讨了长篇小说的结构技巧。首先，小说结构应是一个有机的整体；其次，小说结构应具有形式美。我们对此进行了较详细的探讨，这对建构具有民族特色的小说美学，对当今的长篇小说创作都是十分有益的。