开放教育课程形成性考核现存问题与对策

形成性考核是现代远程开放教育教学质量保证体系的重要组成部分,是强化素质教育,加强教学过程管理,改进课程考试方式方法的重要措施。本文针对形成性考核实施过程中存在的诸如思想认识、考核设计和组织管理等方面的问题提出了相应对策,以利于更科学、有效地推进此项工作。     

A Process for Reviewing and Evaluating Generated Test Items

Testing organization needs large numbers of high‐quality items due to the proliferation of alternative test administration methods and modern test designs. But the current demand for items far exceeds the supply. Test items, as they are currently written, evoke a process that is both time‐consuming and expensive because each item is written, edited, and reviewed by a subject‐matter expert. One promising approach that may address this challenge is with automatic item generation. Automatic item generation combines cognitive and psychometric modeling practices to guide the production of items that are generated with the aid of computer technology. The purpose of this study is to describe and illustrate a process that can be used to review and evaluate the quality of the generated item by focusing on the content and logic specified within the item generation procedure. We illustrate our process using an item development example from mathematics drawn from the Common Core State Standards and from surgical education drawn from the health sciences domain.     

An assessment framework for inclusive education: integrating assessment approaches

Teachers committed to inclusive education have the potential to revolutionise pedagogical and assessment practices within regular classrooms simply because students with high needs challenge traditional assumptions about what it means ‘to learn’ and ‘to assess’. This creates opportunities for teachers to find creative ways to ascertain what and how a child learns, and how these assessment results can be communicated to the child, parents, the school and funding bodies to enable further learning. This paper explores diverse assessment practices including criterion-based, normative, ipsative and self-assessment, with both formative and summative functions, reported as being used by teachers in New Zealand who teach students with high needs. These multiple approaches can be integrated into learning stories to ‘narrate’ student learning. An assessment framework is introduced to support teachers to appreciate the functionality of an integrated assessment approach to document student learning and outcomes, arguably a framework applicable for all learners.     

It Ain’t What You Say...

This essay takes as its starting-point the recent announcement that GCSE English, the high-stakes test taken by 16-year-olds in England, will no longer include the assessment of speaking and listening. It attempts to place this decision, and other recent policy interventions that will have an impact on how talk in the classroom is conceptualised and valued, in a longer history of schooling, attitudes to spoken English and the notion of a spoken standard. The essay then explores, through an account of an observed GCSE English lesson, something of the complexities involved in taking talk, and the assessment of talk, seriously.     

Comment on Elbers' article: Which competence? For whom? For what?

In reaction to Elbers' paper, several comments are made concerning the unit of analysis used to observe children's cognitive activity, the nature of the competence assessed, and the role of the task, or the object of knowledge, in which the child and the adult interact. It is argued that the testing situation is a social event in which the adult and the child interact on a specific object and negotiate a common interpretation of the task and the situation. From this perspective, the testing situation appears to be a learning situation in which new knowledge is acquired.     

Evaluation of Energy Saving Operational Modes for Industrial Fracture Connected Processes on the Basis of Incubation Time Fracture Criterion

A problem for a central crack in a plate subjected to plane strain conditions is investi-gated. Mode Ⅰ crack loading is created by a dynamic pressure pulse applied at a large distance from the crack. It was found that for a certain combination of amplitude and duration of the pulse applied, the energy transmitted to the sample has a strongly marked minimum, meaning that with the pulse amplitude or duration moving away from the optimal values, minimum energy required for initiation of crack growth increases rapidly. The results obtained indicate a possibility to optimise energy consumption of different industrial processes connected with fracture. Much could be gained in, for example, drilling or rock pounding where energy input accounts for the largest part of the process cost. Presumably further investigation of the effect observed can make it possible to predict optimal energy saving parameters, i.e. frequency and amplitude of impacts, for industrial devices, e.g. bores, grinding machines, and hence significantly reduce the process cost. The pre-diction can be given based on the parameters of the media fractured (material parameters, preva-lent crack length and orientation, etc.).     

Student‐Generated Pre‐Exam Questions is an Effective Tool for Participatory Learning: A Case Study from Ecology of Waterborne Pathogens Course

This multiyear study helps elucidate how the instructional practice of student‐generated questions support learning in a blended classroom in science, technology, engineering, and mathematics subjects. Students designed multiple‐choice pre‐exam questions aimed at higher levels of learning, according to Bloom's taxonomy. Student‐generated questions were edited by the instructor and then discussed by the students in the classroom and in an online forum. We tested the hypothesis that this intervention improves student learning, measured as student achievement on the exam following the intervention, and compared to student achievement on the traditional exam (prior to which a review session focused on instructor‐led recitation of the key concepts). Following the intervention in all years, average grade on the post‐intervention exam increased by 7.44%. It is important to point out that not all students benefited equally from this activity. Students who were in the 4th quintile (60% to 80%) based on the results of the 1st exam demonstrated the highest achievement improving their performance on average by 12.37% percentage points (measured as a score on the 2nd exam). Gains were not observed in the semesters when the intervention was not implemented. In this study we provided students detailed instructions on how to design questions that focus on testing higher levels of learning.     

基于模糊综合评价下体育赛事评价及考核体系研究

现阶段,体育赛事与社会、经济、文化等层面正形成日益紧密的联系。在对体育赛事评价和考核过程中,体育赛事属性、特征的识别、界定,对于体育赛事的价值评判和考核具有重要影响。根据模糊数学的隶属度理论,基于模糊数学的综合评标方法把定性评价转化为定量评价,从而较好地解决模糊的、难以量化的问题,适合各种非确定性问题的解决。将模糊综合评价法适用于大型体育赛事评价机制考核体系研究,可以更加科学、综合、客观地探讨体育赛事评价和考核体系。     

对电大教师绩效考核有效性的若干思考

电大教师绩效考核存在绩效考核指标体系欠科学、平均主义,忽略平时考核、对考核结果的反馈与应用不充分等问题,主要是由于对绩效考核缺乏科学理解,考核内容不够明确,考核过程缺乏客观性,缺少与考核配套的激励机制。可以通过转变观念,建立电大特色的教师考核指标体系,建立与绩效考核相配套的激励机制、反馈评价应用机制,将绩效考核与职业生涯规划相结合,提高绩效考核的有效性。     

交谊舞选项课学生体育成绩的评价体系与指标构建研究

运用文献资料、问卷调查等方法,结合交谊舞项目特点及教学实践情况进行分析,对交谊舞课程学生体育成绩的评价体系进行了构建,并对评价指标进行筛选,确定二级指标中的技术动作、协作意识、进步幅度和出勤情况作为主体评价指标,运用权重评分法对学生的学习成绩进行综合评价,通过综合评价指标正确引导学生,促进学生树立正确的体育学习观,以便更好地完成体育教学目标.