Practical work at the Open University of the Netherlands

Achieving practical objectives in an open distance educational system is a real challenge. Its philosophy requires self-instructional materials that students can study at their own time, place, and pace. Practical work, in particular laboratory work, can test the limits of this philosophy. A new way of thinking about practical work and modern electronic media make it possible to develop a natural sciences degree program with a minimum amount of laboratory sessions and, hopefully, to pursue practical aims which are useful in the student's later profession. The way the Open University of the Netherlands has been developing a practical program according to these starting points is discussed in the first part of this paper. Examples of alternatives for traditional practical work are described in more detail in the second part. Advantages and disadvantages with regards to traditional practical work are discussed.     

繁荣哲学社会科学应重视的几个问题

贯彻江泽民同志的重要讲话精神，进一步繁荣和发展我国的哲学社会科学，必须进一步把握社会科学发展趋势，即：自然科学和社会科学的融合，综合性研究不断发展，定量化研究方法广泛应用；国际间的合作不断加强，国际化趋势进一步明显，应用研究的地位日益突出以及重视前瞻性重大课题的研究等。同时就实现社会科学研究的产业化，改革和完善社会科学基金制度。     

College student epistemological perspectives across knowledge domains: A proposed grounded theory

Scholars have studied epistemologicaldevelopment – or how one understands knowledgeand knowing – of college students for manyyears. Research in this domain has includedbenchmarking studies of epistemologicaldevelopment, examinations of how curricularinnovations impact epistemology, and somestudies of differences in epistemologicaldevelopment based on disciplinary areas. Thelatter group of studies has generally focusedon differences in epistemological beliefs forstudents who are studying in two differentdomains (e.g., nursing students versus physicsstudents). In this study, we qualitativelyinvestigate whether the epistemologicalperspectives of 60 science/engineering collegestudents differs across the disciplinary areasof the sciences and the humanities. Our resultsindicate that such differences do exist andinclude a proposed grounded theory thatdescribes how students' epistemologies may varyacross knowledge domains.     

高师院校公共教育学的定位

高师院校公共教育学定位的依据是 :公共教育学开设的目的 ;公共教育学、教育学、教育科学之间的关系 ;教育计划中关于教育类课程的开设情况 ;高师毕业生走上工作岗位后 ,教育学对其教学工作指导价值的大小和作用的范围等。公共教育学的定位应该是 ,也必须是应用性和独立性 ,即在性质上它是应用学科 ,在教育学科体系中它处于一个独立的位置。     

肩负起哲学社会科学工作者的重要历史使命

江泽民同志关于大力发展繁荣我国哲学社会科学事业的重要讲话，对于充分发挥哲学社会科学对经济社会发展的促进作用具有重要意义。章阐述了哲学社会科学对经济社会发展的作用，哲学社会科学工作肩负的历史使命，实现哲学社会科学发展繁荣的重要保障。     

The Situation in Industry and the Loss of Interest in Science Education

The case of Germany is taken as an example of cyclical variation in higher education enrolment in the sciences. The article argues that the mechanism underpinning these fluctuations is the cobweb model. This model establishes a recursive loop between trends in enrolments in a discipline and trends in the labour market associated with this discipline. The analysis highlights two conditions that are required for the model to apply: the elasticity of higher education capacity and the segmentation of the labour market.     

科学精神：人文社会科学研究的必然属性

科学精神是人文社会科学研究的必然属性。从人文社会学科发展成人文社会科学有其逻辑的必然，内在动因是人文社会科学内部科学精神的成长。现代科学精神促成人文社会学科的科学化，使其具有越来越高的客观性和理性，在方法论上也越来越科学化。在科学精神的推动下，科学存在着自然科学、人文科学和社会科学融合为“一门科学”的逻辑可能。     

Exploring eye movements of experienced and novice readers of medical texts concerning the cardiovascular system in making a diagnosis

This study used the eye‐tracking method to explore how the level of expertise influences reading, and solving, two written patient cases on cardiac failure and pulmonary embolus. Eye‐tracking is a fairly commonly used method in medical education research, but it has been primarily applied to studies analyzing the processing of visualizations, such as medical images or patient video cases. Third‐year medical students (n = 39) and residents (n = 13) read two patient case texts in an eye‐tracking laboratory. The analysis focused on the diagnosis made, the total visit duration per text slide, and eye‐movement indicators regarding task‐relevant and task‐redundant areas of the patient case text. The results showed that almost all participants (48/52) made the correct diagnosis of the first patient case, whereas all the residents, but only 17 students, correctly diagnosed the second case. The residents were efficient patient‐case‐solvers: they reached the correct diagnoses, and processed the cases faster and with a lower number of fixations than did the students. Further, the students and residents demonstrated different reading patterns with regard to which slides they proportionally paid most attention. The observed differences could be utilized in medical education to model expert reasoning and to teach the manner in which a good medical text is constructed. Eye‐tracking methodology appears to have a great deal of potential in evaluating performance and growing diagnostic expertise in reading medical texts. However, further research using medical texts as stimuli is required. Anat Sci Educ 10: 23–33. © 2016 American Association of Anatomists.     

贝塞尔光束在湍流大气中传输的实验研究

高斯光束通过螺旋相位板和轴棱锥可获得高阶贝塞尔光束。在实验室模拟大气湍流并研究了贝塞尔光束在湍流大气中的传输特性。着重讨论了湍流扰动强弱及拓扑荷数变化对贝塞尔光束传输特性的影响。实验表明,湍流强弱及拓扑荷数变化都会影响贝塞尔光束的传输,大气湍流会降低贝塞尔光束的相干性。     

地球科学数据导航系统数据资源状况分析

地球科学数据导航系统是我们近两年在自建信息平台基础之上建立起来的。它搜集网络上已经公布的地球科学数据资源的元数据信息，然后根据地球科学数据导航系统的检索和导航需求对其加以广泛地整理，最终根据元数据信息的描述，有效地实现对全部4000多条地球科学数据信息的系统检索揭示和指引。本文针对地球科学数据导航系统的全部数据资源从几个主要方面进行了分析和评价。