跨学科与博士生培养：美国顶尖研究型大学社科类人才培养研究

跨学科理念滥觞于美国,在知识生产模式转型背景下,由单一学科向跨学科的结合与转变不仅是社会科学发展的内在要求,更是解决日益复杂的现实社会问题的客观需要。当代科学发展与知识创新越来越呈现出学科交叉、融合、渗透以及整体化的趋势,新的知识生产呈现跨学科性的基本特征。知识贵为整体,过度分化的学科知识消解了社会科学研究者对复杂的社会事实与问题的认识能力,以及消解了作为整体的思想活动的能量。跨学科研究与人才培养受复杂问题的解决需求与知识创新的驱动而生,美国研究型大学重审原有培养"学科守门人"的博士生培养模式,将跨学科理念融入博士生培养全过程。跨学科研究与人才培养逐渐成为世界顶尖研究型大学博士生教育改革与发展的重要趋势。本研究通过对美国顶尖研究型大学社科类博士生跨学科培养的理念与实践以及组织制度保障进行研究,为其他研究型大学的跨学科人才培养提供借鉴价值。     

气候变化对中国近海捕捞渔业的影响——以太平洋年代际涛动为例

太平洋年代际涛动（Pacific Decadal Oscillation,PDO）是气候年代际变化的主要模态之一,不仅对欧亚及北美大陆气候有重要的调节作用,对海洋生态系统及渔业资源也产生重要影响。本文以影响中国近海环境最主要的气候年代际事件PDO为切入点,采用经验正交函数分解（EOF）、超前滞后相关、一元回归分析和经验模态分解（EMD）等方法,分析了1950—2018年中国近海4种主要经济鱼种（小黄鱼（Larimichthys polyactis）、带鱼（Trichiurus lepturus）、银鲳（Pampus argenteus）及蓝点马鲛（Scomberomorus niphonius））渔获量波动与PDO变化的关系。结果表明：①渤黄东海4种渔获量与PDO的关系变化一致,存在显著的同期负相关;而南海4种渔获量与其他海区不同,与PDO相关性较差。②PDO变化对渔获量的影响主要集中在年代际尺度,并且在PDO位相转换期间的影响更为显著。③PDO变化通过引起渤黄东海的海温和初级生产力（以叶绿素为表征）显著变化,对渔获量波动产生影响。具体表现为当PDO处于负位相时,中国近海会出现海水增暖、叶绿素增加现象,适宜海温和初级生产力提升,使得渔获量增加。本文结合中国海洋渔业发展现状和特点,对中国海洋渔业发展方面提出相应对策建议,以期为气候变化背景下中国渔业资源的开发利用提供理论指导。     

狄尔泰的精神科学思想对人文社会科学教育价值的启示

狄尔泰作为欧洲大陆现象学运动的开创者之一,促使哲学重新关注人的精神,他试图建立以心理学和人类学为根基,以其他人文社会科学为枝干的综合的、有层次的精神科学体系。他的精神科学思想促使哲学家重新评估人文社会科学的价值,从精神科学的角度看,由于人文社会科学有着和自然科学完全不同的研究对象、研究方法和研究目的等;所以人文科学教育就有其独特价值,这些学科的所有教育活动都应是促使人了解社会和历史整体,是一种不同于感觉的体验活动,是通过培育人的主体性获得自由的活动。     

Reconsidering social science theories in natural resource management continuing professional education

Over 25 years ago, the ‘wicked problems’ concept was introduced into forestry to describe the increasingly complex work situations faced by many natural resource management (NRM) professionals and at the same time the demand and frequency of public involvement in NRM issues also grew. Research on the impact of these changes for NRM professionals resulted in many studies calling for NRM professionals to learn a host of new social science-related skills and knowledge. Twenty years later, research continues to show that NRM professionals are struggling to develop these ‘new’ skills and calls for integrating the social sciences in NRM education and practice endure. This paper discusses the challenge of integrating social science skills and knowledge into NRM public involvement practice and continuing professional education. The paper argues for a reconsideration of how social science theories relate to professionals’ practical theories and concludes with some implications and proposals for NRM continuing professional education.     

光强闪烁对大气激光通信系统误码率的影响

作者对大气湍流引起的光强闪烁进行了简要的分析,从光波通信系统误码率的计算公式出发,忽略系统其它噪声,仅考虑光强闪烁对系统误码率的影响,给出了光强闪烁下的大气激光通信系统误码率的计算公式,并进行了数值仿真分析。     

三台县城区大气环境质量分析与评价

根据2006～2007年三台县城区SO2、NO2、PM10浓度的监测数据,综合运用大气环境质量指数评价法和污染负荷分析法对三台县城区的大气质量进行分析与评价。结果表明：三台县城区主要大气污染物依次为PM10、SO2和NO2,污染程度相对较低,2007年较之2006年大气质量总体上有较大改善。SO2和PM10在2006～2007年间污染负荷均呈下降趋势,而NO2则呈现上升趋势,说明三台县城区大气污染正由煤烟型逐步向燃气型的趋势过渡。     

全国教育科学“十一五”规划学科发展调查

十一五期间,全国教育科学规划课题研究以育人为本的素质教育研究影响全社会,教育公平研究取得重大突破,教育质量研究不断深入,终身教育体系和学习型社会研究具有前瞻性,国际教育竞争力研究受到关注,教育改革理论研究受到空前重视。在重大现实问题研究方面,基础教育课程与教学改革研究继续深入,农村教育问题研究成为热点,高等教育大众化时期大学生就业问题研究持续增多,增强职业教育吸引力研究逐渐兴起,学前教育发展研究备受重视,民族教育研究不断拓展,德育和心理健康教育研究继续发展,教师专业发展研究更加关注实践。总体上,通过不断完善教育科研管理体系,研究质量逐步提高,社会影响不断扩大,优秀科研团队日益壮大,有力促进了教育科研的协调发展。同时,也存在低水平重复现象突出,研究主题不系统,研究内容不深入,研究结论缺乏数据支撑,研究成果理论与实践相互脱离等问题,需要大力提升教育科研水平,进一步创新教育科研管理体制。     

地下采矿引起地表积水机理初探

由于采矿引起的地表塌陷,容易在采空区上方的塌陷坑内积水,使大量耕地受淹和盐碱化,并有可能在一定程度上改变地表径流方向和汇水条件,使矿区水环境和生态环境发生改变和调整。通过分析地表塌陷坑积水的工程地质因素、水文地质因素、开采因素和塌陷坑积水的条件,提出了地表塌陷坑积水的必要条件,为矿区水环境和生态环境的改善及综合治理、保证矿区煤炭生产的顺利进行,提供理论基础。     

Models for the development of generic skills in Finnish higher education

This article examines how Finnish universities and other higher education institutes have responded to the challenges posed by rapid changes in the world of work and societies all over Europe, particularly with reference to the development of generic skills. The data were collected by means of individual and group interviews at three Finnish higher education institutes, including two universities and one university of applied sciences. The interviews involved 63 persons in charge of management, development and teaching at these institutes. As a result of the qualitative data analysis, we distinguished four models to represent the development of generic skills, which we named (1) Specialist Model, (2) Science-based Renewal Model, (3) Project-based Integrative Model, and (4) Model of Networked Culture. These models serve as analytical tools that help higher education institutes to examine their existing practices and to develop new ones.     

Revisiting the research–teaching nexus in a managerial context: exploring the complexity of multi-layered factors

Drawing on in-depth interviews and classroom observations with 14 academics from the field of applied sciences, this case study provides empirical evidences on the research–teaching nexus in the context of Chinese research universities by examining the multi-layered factors at the individual, institutional and organisational levels. The study sketches out several substantive social structures, including performative incentives, research culture and institutional emphases, that have significantly shaped the research–teaching nexus in a managerial context. Teaching beliefs that are rooted in traditional Chinese culture, however, have been identified as an essential factor to strengthen the research–teaching nexus. This study concludes that a more supportive environment based on the cultural beliefs of teaching can be created to alleviate the growing tensions between research and teaching.