基于网络众包模式的海量历史文献数字化处理方法研究

[目的/意义]针对海量历史文献数字化所面临的文献数量庞大、耗时长、成本过高等问题，本文将众包理念引入传统文献数字化工作中，形成基于网络众包模式的海量历史文献数字化处理方法。[方法/过程]该模式根据历史文献特点，将网络大众自发知识生产模式与专家定向模式相结合，提出了相应的用户激励和质量控制方案，从而保证众包任务的高效率、低成本、质量可控。此外，以粤海关清末历史文献为试点验证众包模式在大规模文献数字化处理工作中的可行性、高效性。[结果/结论]该模式为处理历史文献处理提供了新的思路与方法，且具有广阔的应用前景。     

基于XML的信息组织与处理：2．应用技术

本文介绍基于XML的基础数据与应用文献标记、地数据及知识体系标记、基于XML的应用领域信息处理与交换框架建设，并分析XML在图书情报领域中的应用以及XML对图书情报领域的挑战。     

Analyzing imbalance among homogeneous index servers in a web search system

The performance of parallel query processing in a cluster of index servers is crucial for modern web search systems. In such a scenario, the response time basically depends on the execution time of the slowest server to generate a partial ranked answer. Previous approaches investigate performance issues in this context using simulation, analytical modeling, experimentation, or a combination of them. Nevertheless, these approaches simply assume balanced execution times among homogeneous servers (by uniformly distributing the document collection among them, for instance)—a scenario that we did not observe in our experimentation. On the contrary, we found that even with a balanced distribution of the document collection among index servers, correlations between the frequency of a term in the query log and the size of its corresponding inverted list lead to imbalances in query execution times at these same servers, because these correlations affect disk caching behavior. Further, the relative sizes of the main memory at each server (with regard to disk space usage) and the number of servers participating in the parallel query processing also affect imbalance of local query execution times. These are relevant findings that have not been reported before and that, we understand, are of interest to the research community.     

Using lexical chains for keyword extraction

Keywords can be considered as condensed versions of documents and short forms of their summaries. In this paper, the problem of automatic extraction of keywords from documents is treated as a supervised learning task. A lexical chain holds a set of semantically related words of a text and it can be said that a lexical chain represents the semantic content of a portion of the text. Although lexical chains have been extensively used in text summarization, their usage for keyword extraction problem has not been fully investigated. In this paper, a keyword extraction technique that uses lexical chains is described, and encouraging results are obtained.     

掠夺性科技期刊与科技期刊中掠夺性现象的特征研究

近年来,由于开放存取(OA)出版模式的兴起,掠夺性科技期刊的出现也引起国内外学者的关注。国内科技期刊中也存在着类似的管理和学术信誉差、商业利益至上的现象,并对正常的科研成果和出版资源形成了干扰和掠夺。本文将这些存在于国内外科技期刊中的掠夺现象一并回顾和总结,认为一方面国内科技期刊从业者,应重视和适应新兴OA期刊的发展趋势,另一方面相关科研管理部门也应逐步建立措施,完善掠夺性期刊预警制度。     

高校档案文化创意产品开发策略研究

通过对高校档案文化创意产品的开发背景、现状及面临的问题及困境进行分析,对目前档案文化创意产品、高校档案文化创意产品的开发现状的调查,总结出高校档案文化创意产品开发的策略及途径,为高校档案文化创意产品开发提供一定的借鉴。     

基于教育功能与内涵的博物馆文创产品开发设计——以“中国恐龙展拼插模型”为例

我国博物馆文创产品存在偏重消费者喜好和追求利润而忽视消费者文化需求差异的问题。本文通过对博物馆及其文化服务产品基本功能的深入分析,提出博物馆文创产品是博物馆教育的延伸,博物馆文创产品应该具有知识、文化、精神及能力内涵,评价博物馆文创产品的标准应强调满足公众的学习需求、引发公众的学习动机、激发学习行为的产生,并可以从文创产品的可读性、可操作性、可探究性三方面开展研发设计。北京自然博物馆的“中国恐龙展拼插模型”,以上述理念和思路进行开发设计,获得了市场和业界的认可。     

Extending WHIRL with background knowledge for improved text classification

Intelligent use of the many diverse forms of data available on the Internet requires new tools for managing and manipulating heterogeneous forms of information. This paper uses WHIRL, an extension of relational databases that can manipulate textual data using statistical similarity measures developed by the information retrieval community. We show that although WHIRL is designed for more general similarity-based reasoning tasks, it is competitive with mature systems designed explicitly for inductive classification. In particular, WHIRL is well suited for combining different sources of knowledge in the classification process. We show on a diverse set of tasks that the use of appropriate sets of unlabeled background knowledge often decreases error rates, particularly if the number of examples or the size of the strings in the training set is small. This is especially useful when labeling text is a labor-intensive job and when there is a large amount of information available about a particular problem on the World Wide Web.

两个加工时间恶化的半线性平行机排序问题的启发式MBLS 算法

The combination of online or semi-online with deterioration jobs has never been researched in scheduling problems. In this paper, two semi-online parallel machine scheduling problems with linear deterioration processing time are considered. In the first problem, it is assumed that the deterioration rates of jobs are known in an interval, that is, bj ∈[0, α], where 0 〈α≤ 1 and bj denotes the linear deterioration rate. In the second problem, it is assumed that the largest deterioration rate of jobs is known in advance, that is, b = max1≤j≤n {bj }. For each of the two problems, a heuristic MBLS algorithm is worked out and its worst-case ratio is analyzed. At the same time, the worst-case ratio of the list （LS） algorithm is investigated and it is proved that all the ratios are tight.     

Phonological processing and emergent literacy in younger and older preschool children

Phonological awareness, phonological memory, and phonological access to lexical storage play important roles in acquiring literacy. We examined the convergent, discriminant, and predictive validity of these phonological processing abilities (PPA) in 389 3-, 4-, and 5-year-old children. Confirmatory factor analysis supported the validity of each PPA as separate from general cognitive ability and separate from each other. Multigroup structural equation modeling (SEM) with mean structure demonstrated that older preschoolers have better developed latent PPA than younger preschoolers but that the structure of PPA is equivalent. RAN was found uniquely associated with letter knowledge and text discrimination in younger preschoolers, and PA was found uniquely associated with word reading skills in older preschoolers. Finally, general cognitive ability was only indirectly associated with emergent literacy via PPA. These results highlight the importance of PPA in the early literacy development of English-speaking preschool children.