Special educational needs in mainstream secondary school physical education: learning support assistants have their say

Learning support assistants (LSAs) gained more political and academic attention in Britain after Estelle Morris announced that schools of the future would include more trained staff to support learning to higher standards. LSAs, thus, should form an integral part of the culture of all school departments in Britain, including physical education (PE). The paper uses Antonio Gramsci's concept of hegemony to explore the processes and practices that shape the views and experiences of LSAs and ultimately the extent to which they facilitate an inclusive culture in PE. A web survey gathered the views and experiences of LSAs vis-à-vis the inclusion of pupils with special educational needs (SEN) in mainstream secondary school PE in North-West England. A modified version of the tailored design method participant contact strategy resulted in 343 LSAs starting the web survey, with 154 (45%) following it through to completion. All quantitative data were analysed using Microsoft Excel whilst qualitative data were subjected to thematic analysis. This entailed the identification of recurring themes and patterns present in the data. The findings highlight the hegemonic status of English, maths and science when it comes to the allocation of SEN resources, which most LSAs support and often reinforce. PE is particularly disadvantaged in this hierarchy of subject priority. The majority of LSAs have not received PE-specific training, which brings into question their ability to facilitate inclusion in PE. Moreover, many schools do not appear to value the involvement of LSAs in the planning of differentiated lessons, which could have a negative impact on the PE experiences of some pupils with SEN given that LSAs are perhaps most aware of the specific learning needs of the pupils they support.     

日本环境教育探析

日本在发展经济的过程中非常重视环境教育，其基本着眼点是：通过对传统文化的挖掘和诠释，搭建起环境教育的价值支持系统；通过政府、企业、社区、NGO组织(Non-governmental organization，非政府组织)的共同努力、协同配合，构造出完整的环境教育体系；通过公害教育使社会民众始终保持对环境问题的敏感性。这些做法可以为我国的环境教育提供重要的启示和参照。     

认知行为疗法的一例个案研究

本研究首先概略地介绍了认知行为疗法的基本理论观点、咨询方法和适用症。随后详细介绍了运用认知行为疗法进行心理咨询的一例个案。最后对认知行为疗法与精神分析法、行为疗法进行了比较,分析了认知行为疗法的不足之处,提出了一种与精神分析法两者结合咨询的思考。     

美国扶助薄弱中小学的主要措施

美国联邦政府近年来颁布了一系列要求提高中小学办学质量和学生成绩的法案,各州都据此制定了本州的各种改革措施,其中在对薄弱学校的扶助方面,各州都建立了比较完善的机制.本文以其中的四个有代表性的州为例,简要介绍和分析其具体做法.     

主体性发展目标结构与体系构建的探讨

在实施主体性教育的过程中，探讨主体性发展目标结构与体系构建，在此基础上提出本体结构和行为结构的设想。     

有效地改进教师的教学行为

通过大量练习来学习数学仍然是我国数学教学的主要特征。数学教师的教学观念需更新：数学教学的理念将由以数学学科为本转变到以学生发展为本，数学教学的心理学基础将由行为主义转向认知理论与构建主义，数学教师在数学教学中的作用将由主导作用转向组织者、指导者和辅导者，改进数学教师教学行为的途径有：教学反思、案例分析、行动研究等。     

促进中小企业技术创新的政府行为探析

中小企业是我国技术创新的生力军。但是，中小企业在技术创新中还面临许多困难，需要政府给予必要的扶持。借鉴工业化国家的成功经验，政府在促进中小企业技术创新方面的行为主要体现在：积极推进实施中小企业技术创新工程；建立健全国家技术创新的法律法规体系；加大对中小企业知识产权保护力度；深化投融资和财税体制改革；建立公共技术平台，健全支持服务体系；促进产业集群形成，推动中小企业技术升级；建立有效的吸引创新人才的机制。     

德性发展的动力机制及自我管理研究

促使个体形成良好的德性品质,应从个体德性发展的动力和行为加以探索。德性行为发生的动力机制,心理学界盛行四种理论：先天本能论、社会学习论、交互作用论和社会动力论。德性行为启动过程为：在启用机制条件下进行德性收益分析,经过激励机制的调控,迅速判断后发出德性行为。这是一般情景的德性行为启用过程,在复杂的德性情景中,促使个体做出有效德性行为的是自律德性,即德性自我管理,它的形成途径是：对德性规范的认同,用责任为德性立法,在意志指导下行动,习得自我约束力。     

论民事法律规避行为

民事法律规避行为是一个不容回避和忽视的普遍现象。民事法律规避行为长期以来仅仅被视为法律解释问题,缺乏研究和制度创新。本文试图探析其产生因由,分析其性质及其构成要件,以期促进理论界对这一问题的关注和研究。     

Peer facilitated writing groups: a programmatic approach to doctoral student writing

Very few empirical studies have investigated programmes in which doctoral students act as peer facilitators in faculty writing groups. We report on the development of a centrally delivered doctoral student writing programme in which twenty student participants were mentored and provided with the resources to initiate their own faculty-based doctoral writing groups. ‘Legitimate peripheral participation’ was used as a conceptual lens to interpret the data collected during the establishment and evaluation of the programme. All student participants in the preparatory training course, which was developed in consultation with postgraduate students and research supervisors, went on to become doctoral writing peer facilitators of peer writing groups. Insights from seven of these showed how a well-structured and supportive programme harnessed the benefits of peer learning by bringing personal rewards to participants and building institutional capacity around doctoral research writing literacies.