人类STR标记的研究进展

STR是由1～6个核苷酸的串联重复片段构成的,均匀分布于人类基因组中的简单重复序列,由于重复单位的重复次数在个体间呈高度变异性并且数量丰富、分布广且均匀、多态信息含量高、检测快速方便等特点,因此目前被广泛应用于人类基因定位、连锁分析、血缘关系鉴定、群体遗传学、系统发生树构建、遗传做图等方面.     

自闭症儿童的行为问题辅导--功能评估的应用研究

自闭症儿童的行为问题是其主要障碍之一.近年来应用广泛的功能评估为正确评估与干预行为问题提供了新的机会.功能评估的实施有三种方法,分别是资料收集法、直接观察法和功能分析法.许多研究支持了功能评估的有效性,但还需要对其进行深入的研究.     

Effects of single‐case reading interventions for students with and at‐risk of emotional and behavioral disorders in grades K–12: A quantitative synthesis

This study examined the effects of reading interventions from single‐case design studies for students with and at‐risk of emotional and behavioral disorders in grades K–12 using a quantitative synthesis. Seventeen studies met the selection criteria of having one more dependent variables meeting what works clearinghouse (WWC) design standards with or without reservations. Although students’ reading performance significantly improved from baseline to intervention phases (p < 0.001), the overall weighted average effect size was weak (Tau‐U = 0.58, 95% confidence interval = [0.54, 0.63]; d = 0.29); smaller effects were found on reading comprehension. Interventions were less effective for students in secondary grades, students with a comorbid disability, and students in substantially separate settings. While no studies meeting the selection criteria were conducted in inclusive settings, the teacher provided interventions were more effective than those provided by researchers suggesting the importance of the student–teacher relationship for reading instruction. Study limitations, areas for future research, and implications for school practices are discussed.     

口吃复发的研究进展述评

本文总结了口吃治疗后的长期效果或复发方面的研究。有数据基础的研究表明,有两种研究复发的方法,第一种方法试图分离复发的预测因素。虽然一些因素有一定的预测作用,如治疗前口吃的严重性,治疗结束时即时的焦虑水平,但是,很少有因素能独立、可靠地预测口吃复发。研究表明,几个因素结合起来能可靠地预测复发。这些因素包括口吃频率、言语速度、人格、控制点、言语方式以及参加抗复发活动等;第二种方法是评定抗复发策略的有效性,抗复发策略具有减少复发危险的潜在价值,具有重要的研究和治疗的意义。     

Genetic etiology of spelling deficits in the Colorado and London twin studies of reading disability

The basic multiple regression model for the analysis of selected twin data (DeFries and Fulker 1985, 1988) was fitted to spelling data from 100 pairs of MZ twins and 71 pairs of same-sex DZ twins tested in the Colorado Reading Project (DeFries, Olson, Pennington and Smith 1991), and to data from 12 pairs of MZ twins and 15 pairs of same-sex DZ twins tested in the London twin study of reading disability (Stevenson, Graham, Fredman and McLoughlin 1984, 1987). Estimates of h _g ² obtained from analyses of these data suggest that about 60% of the deficit of probands is due to heritable influences in both samples. When a regression model was fitted separately to data from males and females in the combined Colorado and London samples, resulting estimates of h _g ² were 0.66±0.18 and 0.56±0.19, respectively, a nonsignificant difference. Collaborative analyses of data from additional twin studies of reading disability would facilitate more rigorous tests of hypotheses of differential genetic etiology as a function of group membership.     

Practicing Social Skills Training for Young Children with Low Peer Acceptance: A Cognitive-Social Learning Model

Peer acceptance during early childhood is related to children's academic achievement, adjustment in school, and even psychological well-being in adulthood. Children who experience low peer acceptance exhibit socially inappropriate behavior patterns, which are associated with irrelevant patterns of information processing. Therefore, as a way of helping children with low peer acceptance, a cognitive-social learning model of social skills training has been used because the model focuses on cognitive changes as well as behavioral changes. Three parts of the social skills training—enhancing skill concepts, promoting skill performance, and fostering skill maintenance/generalization—are discussed. In order to be successful, a trainer should understand the training model as well as behavioral patterns of children with low peer acceptance to provide theory-based and individualized feedback to each participant.     

教育管理的审美价值

“美是和谐”,“美是人类实践的产物,它是自然的人化”,按照这些美学观点来审视教育管理。可发现教育管理也具有审美价值。其审美价值在教育管理的产生上表现为发生美;在教育管理的过程中表现为过程美,又可分为运行美和对象化美;在教育管理的目的上表现为目的美,又可分为效率美和人性美,其中人性美又为表层美(教育)和深层美(受教育)。     

预期与金融市场价格行为

基于理性预期等假设的有效市场假说和现代投资组合理论是主流的金融市场理论。然而，近20年来发展起来的行为金融及非线性经济学的研究，对主流金融市场理论发起了有力的挑战。在本文中，作者放松理性预期的假设，重新定义了准理性预期的表达式，并用它来解释金融资产，主要是股票价格的混沌特征的产生机制，阐述了预期的准理性性质对我国股市发展的借鉴意义。     

Examining the role of school psychologists as providers of mental and behavioral health services

The school setting represents the most common setting by which youth receive mental and behavioral health (MBH) services (Farmer et al., 2003, Psychiatr Serv, 54, 60–66). Nevertheless, many school psychologists are not providing MBH services despite the high prevalence of need. Additional research is needed to understand factors leading to these deficits, as well as potential solutions to ameliorate these concerns. The current study surveyed 341 school psychologists across seven states and found current ratios are one school psychologist for every 1,500–2,000 students. Study results suggest school psychologists are providing a half to full day of universal, prevention-oriented MBH services each week whereas more targeted, direct services (e.g., individual or small group counseling) are offered 1–4 hr each week. The school psychologist-to-student ratios also demonstrated a statistically significant and inverse association with the provision of targeted MBH services, with higher ratios resulting in fewer MBH services. Respondents provided potential solutions for how to expand the delivery of MBH services within schools, including increased awareness and support among school and district administrators, as well as access to training and professional development related to MBH services.     

制度共识的异质发生学--政治秩序整合的社会基础分析

一定的社会基础决定着其所适用的政治秩序整合模式,整合模式变迁的合理性在于对由其社会基础所决定的潜在收益空间的释放,民主制作为一种高级整合模式,只适用于异质体社会。虽然民主与法治,更准确地说是民主基础上的法治,在思想形态上已经成为一种全球共识,也正是在这种西方现代明价值观的全球性扩张下,发展中国家面临着巨大的现代化压力。使这种思想共识演化为制度共识,对于发展中国家而言,重要的不是如何模仿发达国家的整合模式,而是如何促进本国社会的异质化进程,并在此基础上为制度共识的发生及稳定创造充分与必要的条件。