Teacher classroom interactions and behaviours: Indications of bias

In some recent studies, researchers have measured teacher implicit bias and some have shown that teacher bias predicts student academic outcomes. Currently, however, how bias is portrayed to individual students is largely unknown. In this exploratory qualitative study, observations totalling 4 h per participant were undertaken with ten secondary, six intermediate, and four primary teachers in New Zealand. We utilised a thematic analysis approach to identify three themes: “differential nonverbal behaviours”, “differential academic interactions” and “differential reactions under the same conditions” that captured teachers' classroom interactions. Our findings suggested that teachers’ differential behaviours were mediating teacher bias. This was because teacher bias was recorded in every classroom; however, teachers displayed biased behaviours to varying degrees. Bias was displayed through various nonverbal and academic interactions, and some teachers portrayed their bias by treating some students differently when the situation for all students was the same.     

从“假新闻”到“信息失序”:新视野下MIL教育的挑战

信息失序概念框架的提出始于对“假新闻”术语的反思与批判,通过了解其“三类型”“三要素”“三阶段”,对框架建立基本认识,理解创造、传播和消费错误信息、误导信息、不良信息的复杂动机网络与多重构面。以对抗信息失序为目标,当前复杂信息环境下MIL教育面对两大挑战:从以信息核查能力为重心的技能式培养向提高自我认知、突破认知偏见跨越;建立系统性MIL教育评价体系。     

Exploring the Relations between In-service Training,Prior Contacts and Teachers’ Attitudes towards Persons with Intellectual Disability

This study investigates the relations between teachers’ attitudes towards persons with intellectual disability (ID), in-service training on ID, and prior contacts with persons with ID. A sample of Canadian elementary school teachers (N?=?118) completed the Attitudes Toward Intellectual Disability Questionnaire, which measures cognitive, affective and behavioural components of attitudes towards persons with ID. Correlational and multivariate regression analyses were performed. Frequent contacts with persons with ID and experience of including a child with ID increased the likelihood of reporting prior positive contacts with persons with ID. In turn, this was associated with less discomfort towards persons with ID and more willingness towards interactions. In-service training on ID was related to better knowledge of rights and capabilities of persons with ID. Experience of including a child with ID in general education classrooms increased the likelihood to report feeling competent in teaching children with ID, which predicted more willingness to include children with ID.     

Teachers’ resilience and well-being: a role for educational psychology

The retention and resilience of teachers are subject to many influences. Children’s behaviour is often cited as a major source of stress for teachers and a challenge to their resilience. We suggest that an understanding of teachers’ attributions and efficacy beliefs may provide the foundations for work to support teachers. We outline findings from research that has examined teachers’ attributions for the causes of children’s misbehaviour, teachers’ beliefs in their efficacy as classroom managers of children’s behaviour as well as how, in principle, such beliefs may be supported and enhanced. We also relate these findings to those associated with educational and developmental outcomes for children. We conclude with some illustrative evidence of ways (involving consultation and other interventions) that applied psychologists have contributed to the professional well-being and resilience of teachers.     

Pre-service teachers’ perceptions of simSchool as preparation for inclusive education: a pilot study

The shift towards the inclusion of students with disabilities in regular schools has meant that general classroom teachers need to be skilled in educating students with a diverse range of needs and abilities. Together with theoretical study and as a supplement to practical experience, teacher educators have begun to explore virtual and simulated classrooms to help prepare pre-service teachers for the complexity of the teaching profession. In this pilot study, we examined the perspective of pre-service teachers on a classroom simulation program called “simSchool.” Two-hour-long tutorial sessions focusing on catering for student diversity and the educational needs of students with autism spectrum disorder were conducted. The pre-service teachers’ responses to an 11-item questionnaire are discussed, highlighting the potential of simSchool as well as some current limitations of this approach in the context of Australian teacher education courses.     

Measures used in assessing outcomes of school‐wide positive behaviour support

School‐Wide Positive Behaviour Support (SWPBS) is increasingly becoming a popular approach to managing challenging behaviour in schools. However, several issues still have to be addressed facilitate successful implementation of this approach in schools. One of these issues pertains to the appropriateness of the different measures used to determine the efficacy of the approach. Because many schools are using indirect measures to assess the effects of SWPBS implementation, determining which measures more accurately reflect the effectiveness of the SWPBS components may increase the effectiveness of school measurement systems. The purpose of this study was to examine the measures used in evaluating the efficacy of positive behaviour support. The paper discusses the strengths and weaknesses of outcome measures regarding problem behaviour, prosocial behaviour, and implementation fidelity.     

小鼠条件性电击社交恐惧行为模型的建立与评价

目的：建立稳定而特异性强的小鼠社交恐惧行为模型。方法：采用针对社交接触行为给予条件性足底电击（O．7mA,1S,1～5次）的方式建立小鼠社交恐惧模型。分别于电击后d2和d15检测小鼠的社交探究行为,以探究时间百分比（investigationtime％,1T％）为社交恐惧行为评价指标。分别采用小鼠高架十宁迷宫实验、明暗穿箱实验和强迫性游泳实验评价小鼠的广泛性焦虑行为和抑郁样行为。结果：在条件性电击后d2和d15的社交探究实验中,与非丰十交刺激（non．socialstimulus,NSS）组比较,条件性社交刺激（conditionedsocialstimulus,CSS）组小鼠IT％均显著减少。在小鼠高架十字迷宫实验、明暗穿箱实验和强迫性游泳实验上,CSS组与NSS组各行为指标差异均无显著意义。结论：采用条件性足底电击方式可成功建立小鼠社交恐惧行为模型,模型症状可持续至少2周,且不伴随广泛性焦虑行为或抑郁样行为,具有良好的稳定性和特异性。     

高职学生行为养成现状调查--以长江工程职业技术学院为例

目前高职院校学生行为养成教育值得关注,为摸清基础状况,以问卷调查的方式,针对长江工程职业技术学院土木系师生及部分思政课教师为对象,使用 SPSS社会科学统计软件系统,采取抽样调查,得出了关于高职生行为养成教育的态度认知效果、方式等结果。提出要充分发挥“教、学、管”的全员育人作用,建立有效的学生行为养成教育路径。     

大学生绿色消费认知、意向及行为实证研究——基于武汉市某本科高校的调查

现阶段,作为一种全新的消费方式和生活理念,绿色消费已成为绿色营销研究的一个重要领域。文章通过问卷调查法,以武汉市某本科高校的300名大学生为样本,调查大学生绿色消费观和消费行为现状。调查结果显示：大学生绿色消费认知不够全面和深入;大学生绿色消费意向已形成但水平较低;大学生绿色消费行为水平较低但前景广阔。基于调查结果文章指出,应从加强绿色消费教育、提升绿色消费认知、加强市场监管、提高产品质量并降低价格等方面推动大学生绿色消费。     

论余华先锋小说中的时间意识

余华的先锋小说集中体现着他的时间意识,他用错乱的时序构造人性的真实,以时间作为叙述节奏推动情节发展,同时也用时空交错的方式提升文本的叙事魅力等。余华用自己独特的时间意识实现了对传统时间观念的颠覆,进行了前所未有的小说形式的革新与试验,使先锋小说攀登到了一个新的高峰。