Nuclear power plants? Yes or no? Thank you! The argumentative use of tables and graphs / ¿Centrales nucleares? ¿Sí o no? ¡Gracias! El uso argumentativo de tablas y gráficas

Abstract

The present paper deals with how eleventh grade high school students and university undergraduate students studying environmental science use evidence to write an argumentative text. They were presented with a dilemma with four sets of data (two pro and two anti nuclear energy). Half the sample was given the data in graph format and the other half in table format. The four sets of data differed according to their complexity. We analysed the structure of argument, the use of the evidence (either provided or their own) according to the participants’ position on the dilemma, and the presence of confirmation bias. Our results show a good argumentative competence that does not seem to be affected either by the students’ educational level or data format. We observed an effect of the complexity of the data in relation to the participants’ position.     

论语言语境对儿童话语产出的影响

采用实验研究法、数理统计法、文献资料法对三个说英语儿童及两个北京儿童早期自发性词汇产出情况做研究,探讨儿童早期词汇中是否真正存在名词倾向。对Tard if(1996)的儿童词汇跨语言研究进行了确认,认为名词倾向的出现跟语言语境、儿童话语产出时所处的年龄或语言阶段等因素有关。     

Using Propensity Scores for Estimating Causal Effects: A Study in the Development of Moral Reasoning

The purpose of this study was to illustrate the use of propensity scores for creating comparison groups, partially controlling for pretreatment course selection bias, and estimating the treatment effects of selected courses on the development of moral reasoning in undergraduate students. Specifically, we used a sample of convenience for comparing differences in moral reasoning development scores among students enrolled in intergroup dialogue, service learning, psychology and philosophy courses with those of an introductory sociology course. Adopting a propensity score approach included reviewing the empirical literature for its guidance in substantiating the reasons for including pretreatment variables (i.e., pretreatment course-taking behaviors, race, sex, political identification, need for cognition, major, age, pretreatment moral reasoning scores) in our analysis, measuring these variables, and reducing them into a single composite propensity score for each student in our analytic sample. This score then served as the basis for creating a new comparison group and for allowing us to estimate unbiased (or less biased) course-related treatment effects on moral reasoning development. Implications for higher education researchers are discussed.

指导语对解决四卡问题影响的实验研究

采用两种要求不同的指导语，对236名在校大学生进行命题检验的实验研究，考察不同的指导语对学生推理时采用思维策略及解决四卡问题效率的影响。结果表明，意义明确单一的证伪指导语有利于四卡问题的解决。同时本研究还初步揭示出匹配偏向与证真偏向的内在实质，都属于人解决问题过程中心理定势的范畴。     

On-Line “Chat Room” Tutorials—An Unusual Gender Bias in Computer Use

Research into gender bias in attitudes, access, and effectiveness associated with computers has produced conflicting results, resulting in conflicting opinions as to whether a technological gender gap favoring male students exists. No previous study, however, has ever demonstrated a preference for female use of a particular computer application. This work describes gender differences in the use of on-line (chat room) tutorials by non-traditional chemistry students enrolled in distance learning sections of a general chemistry course. Higher percentages of female students participated in the on-line tutorials and they participated with greater frequency than male students. Furthermore, the correlation between frequency of participation and course performance was higher among the female students. Various explanations for this unusual gender bias are offered, and the conclusion that the diversity of computer applications available today requires that research into gender bias refrain from viewing the computer as a single entity is supported.     

胡适研究中的误区

继20世纪50年代中期批判胡适之后，80年代末至今，思想界、学术界兴起了研究胡适的风潮，遗憾的是，众多研究章和作风乎毫无例外地存在着各自的乃至共同的误区。     

大学生命题检验能力的状况探析

从检验思路、检验证据和选择的依据三个维度去探索大学生的命题检验状况。结果表明,大学生的命题检验水平是较低的。命题中所提到的项目是多数受试检验命题思路的出发点,也是检验命题的主要证据和进行选择的主要依据。部分受试错误表征了命题而导致选择错误。     

70篇体育学元分析文献的质量评价与改进建议

目的对我国体育学元分析文献进行方法学和报告质量评价,并提出相应的建议。方法检索中国知网(CNKI)数据库中1993—2019年发表于16本中文体育类核心期刊和1本中文医学类核心期刊上的元分析文献,最后一次检索日期为2020年1月5日。由2位评价者独立筛查文献,并采用AMSTAR 2和PRISMA量表对纳入文献的方法学和报告质量进行评价。结果共纳入70篇元分析文献,年限跨度为2005—2019年,元分析文献数量逐年增加,质量逐步提高。方法学质量存在的主要问题:未说明元分析的前期方案、文献检索不够全面、未提供排除文献清单及理由、不重视纳入文献质量和偏倚风险对合并效应结果的影响、未解释选择设计类型的原因、忽视相关资金支持报告等。报告质量存在的主要问题:结构式摘要不全面、研究方法质量控制不够严谨、研究结果报告不全、讨论部分不重视偏倚风险和总结证据质量等。结论目前体育学元分析文献在方法学和报告质量上还存在不同程度的问题。建议元分析作者参考元分析的科学规范实施和撰写元分析报告;期刊可从审稿政策上加强对元分析研究的要求,学校开设元分析理论和实践课程,以提高元分析的质量和规范性。     

Performance Anxiety Among African-American College Students

Abstract

This article examines the etiology of social phobia, and proposes that the sensitivity to self-scrutiny common to social phobics can be exacerbated by the effects of longstanding racial bias. The impact of racism on identity and the importance of context are explored as salient factors in the onset of a case of social phobia for an African-American woman at a prestigious university. The importance of attending to both overt and subtle forms of racism is illustrated within the typical cognitive-behavioral framework for the treatment of social phobia.     

留学生汉语普通话声调偏误及教学对策研究——基于对中央民族大学三年级本科留学生声调组合习得抽样调查

声调教学一直是对外汉语教学语音方面的一个重大难题,无法正确、自然地在交际语流中使用汉语普通话的四声已经成为各国留学生习得汉语普通话过程中的一大顽症.除了留学生自身习得声调习得困难之外,更多的是对外汉语教学方法的不当造成了留学生在使用汉语普通话方面的诸多偏误.文章将结合近几十年有关对外汉语教学方面的相关研究成果和自己的留学生语音音调实验调查谈谈自己对留学生汉语普通话教学对策的看法.