Bias Corrections for Standardized Effect Size Estimates Used With Single-Subject Experimental Designs

A multilevel meta-analysis can combine the results of several single-subject experimental design studies. However, the estimated effects are biased if the effect sizes are standardized and the number of measurement occasions is small. In this study, the authors investigated 4 approaches to correct for this bias. First, the standardized effect sizes are adjusted using Hedges’ small sample bias correction. Next, the within-subject standard deviation is estimated by a 2-level model per study or by using a regression model with the subjects identified using dummy predictor variables. The effect sizes are corrected using an iterative raw data parametric bootstrap procedure. The results indicate that the first and last approach succeed in reducing the bias of the fixed effects estimates. Given the difference in complexity, we recommend the first approach.     

Environmental Technology in a 2-Year College

Environmental educators have long dealt with the charge that the practice of teaching about environmental issues is an attempt to introduce a liberal agenda into the classroom curriculum. However, traditionally Republican states and traditionally Democratic states are both among the nation's leaders and laggards in institutionalizing environmental education (EE) programs at the state level. Because of the political power of the charge of liberal bias in EE politics, it is important for researchers to try to determine the veracity of this charge in some meaningful way. The authors applied quantitative statistical methods to this issue and found that, in general, there were not significant differences among the degrees of state-level EE program activity between Democratic states and Republican states. In short, the political party affiliation of a given state is not a reliable predictor of that state's EE program activities. Thus, the evidence does not support the claim that EE is solely a liberal undertaking.     

The influence of reputation information on the assessment of undergraduate student work

The present study employed an experimental design to examine the influence of knowledge of a student’s previous performance and the general quality of their writing style on the assessment of undergraduate student work. Fifteen sport and exercise physiology academics were asked to mark and give feedback on two final year undergraduate student essays. The first student essay that participants marked was a control essay. The second essay was the target essay. Participants read one of three student reputation profiles (positive, negative or neutral) prior to marking this essay. Kruskal–Wallis tests for difference indicated that the marks awarded to each essay did not significantly differ between the three student reputation conditions. Thematic analysis of the target essay also revealed no apparent differences in the way in which feedback was presented across the three student reputation profiles. It was therefore concluded that non-anonymous marking did not induce marker bias in this instance.     

企业认知偏差与产能过剩

摘要：在工业周期性运行过程中,常会出现产能过剩、产能不足两个极点状况。特别对于我国正处于向市场经济转轨过程中,产能过剩问题屡屡出现,给经济发展和经济效率带来了严重影响。但是在传统经济学理论中,企业及市场是完全理性的,通过价格机制作用和市场出清,不会出现严重的产能过剩或产能不足。本文认为,作为微观主体的企业,在投资决策过程中并非全知全能、完全理性的,存在着有限理性行为。文中利用双曲线贴现模型,将认知偏差理论引入到产能过剩问题的研究中来,从微观视角分析了企业作为市场中的微观主体的投资行为,得出结论：由于存在认知偏差系数β,企业会在经济过热时出现冲动投资,在经济处于低谷时拖延投资,导致产能与市场需求的非同步变化,最终形成产能过剩、产能不足。本文还根据模型得出的调节系数β及c,提出针对产能过剩问题的调控政策建议,即通过惩罚和补贴等措施,引导企业投资行为,减弱企业认知偏差,减缓工业周期性波动幅度,实现经济平稳健康发展。     

三种分类算法偏差－方差结构的比较: MCLP,LDA 和C5.0

基于Domingos的期望预测误差分解框架,在3个数据集上,对MCLP、LDA和C5.0这3种算法的偏差－方差结构特点进行了比较分析. 实验结果表明,一般来说,C5.0呈现低偏差－高方差的特点,LDA与之相反,而MCLP则介于两者之间,比较接近LDA. 当训练集样本量较小时,MCLP的偏差和方差都相对较高,而随着训练集的增大,MCLP的偏差和方差明显减小,甚至低于其他两者.     

基于风险感知的创业决策研究

以风险感知为主线,讨论了认知偏差、风险倾向、创业自我效能等因素在创业决策中的作用。风险感知一方面容易受到个人认知偏差、风险倾向的影响,另一方面也直接作用于创业决策;此外,个人的风险倾向和创业自我效能也对个人最终的创业决策产生影响。     

一类广义Feistel密码的线性分析

针对一类广义Feistel密码提出一种求取密码线性偏差上界的方法.该分析方法的思路是,首先对密码体制线性偏差进行严格的数学描述,分别给出密码线性偏差与轮函数F及S盒的线性偏差的数学关系;然后确定密码线性偏差的上界.利用该方法给出了32轮以内各轮的线性偏差上界.     

运动处方对中学生心理健康影响效应的实验研究

通过实验研究,证明运动处方的实施对中学生心理健康有较大的改善,其调控主要集中在“人际关系”、“抑郁”、“焦虑”、“偏执”、“强迫”五因个子上。为今后利用运动处方科学地对中学生进行强身和健心和为国家体推行全民健身计划提供理论和实践指导方面的依据。     

Is Automated Journalistic Writing Less Biased? An Experimental Test of Auto-Written and Human-Written News Stories

ABSTRACT

By administering an online experiment, this study examined how source and journalistic domains affect the perceived objectivity, message credibility, medium credibility, bias, and overall journalistic quality of news stories among an adult sample (N?=?370) recruited using Amazon’s Mechanical Turk (MTurk) service. Within the framework of the cognitive authority theory, the study found auto-written news stories were rated as more objective, credible (both message and medium credibility), and less biased. However, significant difference was found between a combined assessment condition (news stories with source and author information) and a message only assessment condition (news stories without source and author information) in the ratings of objectivity and credibility, but not bias. Moreover, significant differences were found in the objectivity and credibility ratings of auto-written and human-written news stories in the journalistic domains of politics, finance and sports news stories. In auto-written news stories, sports news stories were rated more objective and credible, while financial news stories were rated as more biased. In human-written stories, financial news stories were rated as more objective and credible. However, political news stories were rated as more biased among human-written news stories, and in cases where auto-written and human-written stories were combined.     

New Challenges in the Coverage of Politics for UK Broadcasters and Regulators in the “Post-Truth” Environment

The last two years have been times of turbulence for the BBC, and other broadcasters, in terms of their coverage of UK politics. Their reporting of the general elections of 2015 and 2017, of the 2016 European Union Referendum and the 2015 election of Jeremy Corbyn to the leadership of the Labour Party have been much criticised (as has that of other mainstream media outlets). And despite the rise of social media, the BBC remains the most used and most trusted source of news in the UK and hence is a vital element in the UK public sphere. Consequently, these journalistic failures—when its political coverage failed to reflect what turned out to be the reality on the ground - are particularly problematic. This brings into focus the issue of “the truth” in election and referendum campaigns. The example quoted here—about the Labour Party and antisemitism—illustrates the difficulties in arriving at the “truth”, even in the less frenetic atmosphere between campaigns. It demonstrates how there can be many truths and this, in itself, raises urgent questions about the nature of political journalism which pose challenges for public broadcasting in Britain with implications that go much wider.