Unveiling the Colours of Cellulose Nitrate Black and White Film-based Negatives in Colonial Photography

ABSTRACT

Aiming at contributing to the preservation of black and white (B&W) film-based negatives held by Portuguese archives, four photographic collections from the first half of the twentieth century were selected for study. During the macro assessment of the collections the preservation condition and hues found in photographic negatives from the Elmano Cunha e Costa (ECC) were noticed, distinguishing this collection from the remaining ones. Additional attention was given considering that the ECC collection was formed in a colonial context in the 1930s, while the others were formed on the Portugal mainland. The ECC collection results from an ethnographic survey of Angolan tribes recorded with B&W film-based negatives. In this collection, sets of negatives with pink, lemon yellow, greenish, orange brownish, and red brownish hues were found. To identify the origin of such hues, the image layer was analysed by microscale energy-dispersive X-ray fluorescence (μ EDXRF) and scanning electron microscopy with energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (SEM-EDX). Additionally, to assess the base decay and its effect on the formation of hues, the plastic supports were characterized by Fourier transform infrared microscopy (μ FTIR). To complement the assessment of the film-base decay, pH was measured by using combined microelectrodes. The identification of mercury, iodine, chromium, and iron by μ EDXRF allowed correlation of the hues found in the negatives with chemical corrective treatments performed to improve the image quality. SEM-EDX confirmed those results and proved that the elements found were in the photographic emulsion layer. The results obtained are relevant since the hues identified may now be used as markers to indicate the technical work performed on colonial photography. Additionally, the visual and molecular assessment of the negatives’ supports (good to fair condition) allow proposing that the original storage conditions may have had a beneficial contribution to their present condition.     

Slavery,Abolition, and Columbia University

Abstract

Institutional archivists can create finding aid tools for their collections that address timely and specific historical issues, such as connections to slavery profits, to manumission, and to anti-slavery and abolitionism. This article takes as its premise a Yale slavery web site of 2001, which drew some startling conclusions that were new answers to some very old questions about the relationships between slavery and the founders of institutions in the colonial and Revolutionary period. Slavery was ubiquitous in the North and a common thread among the founders of many kinds of institutions, colleges included. Institutional archivists can assist in identifying timely questions about momentous events and cultural issues by drawing attention to available resources, and by finding the answers.     

"黑哨"现象犯罪成因的主体分析

对"黑哨"现象犯罪的成因进行较全面的分析,探讨影响和促使裁判员吹"黑哨"的利益诱因和道德心理学因素,从理论上和客观上提示其内在的因素,以及怎样消除和克服这些障碍,营造一个良好打"黑"的社会氛围,为今后各级裁判员的选拔和培训,提供有益的管理启示与参考.     

三代人的历程——试析莫里森《宠儿》中黑人女性主体身份的建立

《宠儿》中三位女性形象展现了黑人女性主体意识历经三代逐步确立的完整过程：从沉睡到觉醒,从自发到自觉,最终主动去建立自我主体身份。莫里森在创作中描述黑人女性主体意识的建构,其目的是去唤醒黑人,尤其是黑人女性的政治主体意识,使其在社会政治上确立应有的地位,走向社会中心。     

Remembering the atrocities of their ancestral lands: reading Korean American “comfort women” novels in Japan

ABSTRACT

This paper examines the significance of reading two Korean American novels which address the issue of Japanese military sexual slavery (known as the “comfort women” system) in the context of Japan: Nora Okja Keller’s Comfort Woman and Chang-rae Lee’s A Gesture Life. I will explore how this act can facilitate the understanding of the militarized sexual violence in the present social and discursive context of Japan, where the issue suffers from a strong backlash. Lee’s A Gesture Life with its critique of multiple militarized imperialisms challenges the Japanese revisionists’ effort to deny the egregious wrongs of Japan’s military sexual slavery; it also responds to popular criticism in Japan that Korean/Americans disregard the practices of Western imperial and military violence and only condemn Japanese war crimes. The paper in turn also reads Keller’s Comfort Woman through the frame of Joy Kogawa’s Obasan, a Japanese Canadian novel which remembers the internment and U.S. atomic bombing of Nagasaki. My aim here is to examine both the risks and possibilities which this reading can generate. While it can help us see the comparable acts of remembering war sufferings from the standpoint of diasporas, it can also erase the non-equivalence between the two histories.     

从《两列火车飞驰》看奥古斯特·威尔逊对美国黑人困境的反思

奥古斯特·威尔逊虽然将《两列火车飞驰》的时间背景设定在二十世纪六十年代,但他关注的不是轰轰烈烈的黑人革命运动和那些革命英雄,突显的也不是黑人和白人的种族冲突,而是聚焦普通美国黑人以及他们的日常生活。借此,威尔逊表达了他对当代美国黑人生活困境的反思,从黑人社区的分崩离析、经济的不能自主和民族内部的自相残杀三个方面指出当代美国黑人对自己的处境负有一定责任。     

《第二十二条军规》的叙事策略分析

约瑟夫?海勒的代表作《第二十二条军规》是美国黑色幽默小说的代表作,本文以认知叙事学理论为依据,从图式和视角出发对其叙事策略进行分析,并尝试探索黑色幽默小说的认知叙事框架以及荒诞性产生的认知理据。     

从黑色发展到绿色发展的范式转型

人类社会相继经历的原始文明、农业文明、工业文明与生态文明四种文明形态,对应着无色（虚无）发展、黄色发展、黑色发展、绿色发展四种发展范式。绿色发展是生态文明下以低消耗、低排放与高效率为特质的新型可持续发展道路,是人类社会面对全球经济危机、资源短缺危机和环境气候危机的必然选择。从黑色发展范式到绿色发展范式的转换,需要实现“五位一体”的转型：发展主体由“单一理性经济人”向“双重理性经济人”转型;发展目标导向由“只注重经济发展数量,不注重经济发展质量”向“优先注重经济发展质量,同时兼顾经济发展数量”转型,发展模式由“低成本竞争、高资源环境代价”向“高成本竞争、低资源环境代价”转型,发展过程由“线性强物质化过程”向“非线性弱物质化过程”转型,发展路径由“黑色工业化、黑色城市化与黑色现代化”向“绿色工业化、绿色城市化与绿色现代化”转型。     

试析哈克贝利·芬的反叛性格

青少年是人生的叛逆期,少年哈克的反叛性格是《哈克贝利·芬历险记》这部作品的突出特点,主要表现在对美国的文化礼仪、教育体系、奴隶制度等各个方面的不满与反叛。     

美国黑人文学中女性形象的演变

黑人文学是美国文学的一个重要分支,也是美国文学中最敏感的问题之一。美国的黑人女性背负着性别与种族歧视的双重压迫,美国黑人文学中的女性形象具有其独特的特征。本文试图循着历史的轨迹,对美国黑人男作家和黑人女作家的作品中的女性形象做具体分析,探讨美国黑人文学中的女性形象从＂扁＂到＂圆＂的发展过程。