脑科学与教育--尖端研究与未来展望

研究表明,大脑会经历“敏感期”,在“敏感期”内大脑能够响应外界刺激,在特定的区域形成神经网络,并使这些网络的功能逐渐发达。根据“髓鞘化”理论,我们应该从新的角度对“学习”、“教育”进行定义。脑科学与教育的研究,将使人们学会按照脑的特性,对不同人群进行针对性的“学习”与“教育”活动,从而培养人们的创造性,激发人们的热情,提高人们的适应能力,为人类的安宁和幸福做出贡献。     

Sexual dimorphism in bone–muscle relationship in young adults

The purpose of this study was to analyse associations between lean soft tissue (LST), a surrogate of skeletal muscle mass and key fracture-related geometric characteristics of the proximal femur. Moreover, we examined the role that muscle played on the proximal femur geometry in response to physical activity (PA). Participants were 83 young adults. Leg LST (exposure) was assessed by dual energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA). Proximal femur geometry was derived from a left hip DXA scan. Geometric variables (outcomes) included the femoral neck axis length (FNAL), the femoral neck width (FNW), the neck–shaft angle and FNW|FNAL (an index of robustness). PA was evaluated by accelerometry. Linear regression was used to analyse relationships. Additional exposure variables included body height and mass. In males, leg LST explained 17.4% of variation in FNAL (P < 0.001) and 15% in FNW (P = 0.015). In females, it explained 8.8% of the variance in FNAL (P = 0.020). Associations remained significant in males, but not in females, when vigorous PA was added to the models. These results suggest that public health approaches to promote PA may be particularly important in females since vigorous PA seems to convey advantages in femur geometry and consequently in bone strength.     

两种方式的健步走对边缘性血脂升高的中年男性血脂及肺通气功能的研究

摘要：目的：探讨2种方式的健步走对边缘性血脂升高中年男性脑力劳动者血脂及肺功能的影响。方法：选取西安市3所高校从事脑力劳动的科研工作者,筛选出符合（血脂水平分层标准）边缘性血脂升高标准的受试者48人,随机分成匀速组和变速组各24人,实施为期12周的健步走。2组采用的运动强度为,匀速组在第二和第三个10～15 min以60﹪～70﹪HRmax为主,变速组以60﹪～70﹪HRmax和70﹪～80﹪HRmax为主,每周4次,每次40～60 min。重点监测受试者运动前、运动4周、运动12周的血脂六项（TC、TG、HDL-C、LDL-C、Apoa1/Apob）和肺通气功能指标（VC、FVC、FEV1/FVC﹪、MVV、VC/Kg）。结果：1）与运动前比较,运动6周,匀速组血脂及肺通气功能各指标无显著性变化（p>0.05）;变速组TC显著降低（p＜0.05）,FEV1/FVC﹪、MVV、VC/Kg显著升高（p＜0.05）。运动12周,匀速组TC、TG显著降低（p＜0.05）,FEV1/FVC﹪、MVV、VC/Kg显著增高（p＜0.05）;变速组血脂各指标（除Apoa1/Apob外）和肺功能指标（除FVC外）均有显著差异（p＜0.01或p＜0.05）。2）组间比较：运动6周,两组血脂与肺功能各指标无显著性差异（p>0.05）。运动12周,具有显著性差异（p＜0.05）的指标为HDL-C、LDL-C、MVV。3)在不同的运动周期,血脂和肺功能指标的变化幅度均有显著性变化,运动12周明显优于运动6周,变速组变化幅度优于匀速组。结论：1)匀速健步走运动12周,具有明显的调脂效果和提高肺通气功能;变速健步走运动6周,对血脂异常和肺通气功能有显著的改善。运动12周,调脂效果非常显著基本回归正常范围,肺功能显著提高。2)2种方式的健步走,强度较高的变速运动对血脂异常的调脂效果和肺通气功能的提高显著优于匀速运动。     

Misconceptions about traumatic brain injury among students preparing to be special education professionals

The researchers performed a survey study to determine the effectiveness of collegiate programmes in dispelling common misconceptions about traumatic brain injury (TBI) while preparing undergraduate and graduate students for special education (SpEd) careers. Respondents included 136 undergraduate and 147 graduate SpEd students in their final semesters before obtaining degrees. Each completed an 18‐item true/false survey about TBI and the associated recovery process. Results were compared with survey responses from 318 lay public respondents who participated in a previous study. Two major findings emerged: (a) no significant differences existed in misconception endorsement between SpEd students completing Bachelor's versus Master's degrees; and (b) graduating students in SpEd teacher preparation programmes endorsed similar misconceptions as lay public respondents; hence, these programmes do not appear effective in dispelling common TBI misconceptions. Improving academic preparation for special educators regarding TBI is imperative for effectively identifying, assessing and serving student survivors.     

澳门学生的体脂率以及与部分运动素质项目的相关研究

通过对澳门青少年的体质调查和统计分析,得出澳门青少年的体脂率均数、年龄变化及性别差异;得出澳门青少年相邻年龄组体脂率均数差别的检验结果、体指率分布的正态性检验结果、体脂率与部分运动素质项目相关分析的结果,为体育教育和健康辅导等提供依据性资料。     

论全脑型体育教学的心理机制

传统教育比较注重人类大脑左半球的开发,严重忽视右半球大脑潜能的挖掘,极大助长了“高分低能”的教育现象。通过文献综述,从运动与大脑发展、运动促进大脑发展的神经机制、肢体运动与智力的关系和左侧肢体运动为主的右脑开发关系等四个方面,系统论证了均衡开发左右半球大脑功能的“全脑型”体育教学的心理机制,为改革传统体育教学模式提供参考。     

开发体校生学习潜力改善读训关系的新思维——发挥运动天赋内涵的学习优势条件的探索

从运动心理学原理和脑科学研究的成果中寻求体育生文化学习潜在的有利因素,并以教改为途径,从发扬运动天赋中内在的学习优势条件入手,挖掘和新增学习动力源。以内涵的改造,帮助体校生摆脱文化课学习的困境,为建立未来读训结合新格局铺路。     

Legitimizing the Wound: Mapping the Military's Diagnostic Discourse of Traumatic Brain Injury

Following reports spanning from the beginning of the OEF (Operation Enduring Freedom) and OIF (Operation Iraqi Freedom) conflicts to the early 2010s, this rhetorical investigation analyzes the U.S. military's diagnostic practices used to identify mild traumatic brain injury (mTBI) in blast-affected troops. Considering the notion of “wound/injury” as a possible boundary object, this paper discusses how the conceptual framing of “invisible” injuries may produce interruptions of distrust that inhibit effective diagnosis.     

数学是一种“脑具”

数学是大脑思考的工具,发挥数学的文化价值,帮助学生学会数学地思维,甚至通过数学学会思维,是高职数学课程的重要功能取向。