身体成分研究的10大问题

摘要：理解身体成分对于理解人体健康、疾病和功能至关重要。身体成分的研究集中在评估方法的改进、对随着生长发育和老龄化身体成分正常变化的描述、以及由于疾病和计划性干预带来的身体成分的变化。每个关注点都很重要,从某种意义上来说,它们是相互依赖的。因为技术的进步使得更多复杂的问题被解决,反过来也推动研究方法的更好发展。尽管基础性的问题仍然存在,但每个领域里都有了明显进步。例如：生长发育的轨迹往往用横断面数据进行评估,考虑到也需要长期观察性资料,因此,也需要纵向描述性数据。随着实验室方法的改进,场地测试方法的发展对于筛选受试者和临床实践仍然具有重要意义。尽管已经认识到了干预应答存在广泛个体差异,但结果的均值仍然受到重视。随着技术的进步,可以研究引起身体成分变化的遗传和非遗传因素,但这些技术需要先应用于长期、控制严格的试验。在本文中,我们提出了该领域需要进行研究的10大问题,以推动该领域的发展。     

THE OOCYTE MARKET AND SOCIAL EGG FREEZING: From scarcity to singularity

Human oöcytes (eggs) have proved quite resistant to the gift system that regulates much tissue donation in the developed nations. With a few exceptions, they move from donor to recipient through incentive systems, including high rates of compensation and frank payment. Recently, women have turned in small but growing numbers to private oöcyte banking as a way to preserve and defer their fertility. This paper draws on interviews with both clinicians and clients to consider the ways that women use private banking to manage fertility. It argues that the move from purchasing third-party fertility to private banking is a move from a scarcity economy, where lack is resolved in exchange (Simmel), to an economy of singularities (Karpik) where the autologous genetic signature of the materiel renders it non-commensurable. Hence, its value can only be realised through preservation and private retention.     

The Frozen Archive,or Defrosting Derrida

What does freezing human tissue and fluids, or human remains, do to the mobility, temporality, and value of such objects? While Jacques Derrida toward the end of his life considered the consequences for the remainder of burial and cremation, he did not consider freezing, the production of latent or interrupted life. Here I invoke Derrida in discussion of how in the investigation of the fatal brain disease kuru, the partible tissues of the Fore people of Papua New Guinea became frozen spectral commodities in the exchange regimes of modern biomedical science – and how they gained, or retained, value as they were objectified. I follow these Fore – or kuru – valuables into the frozen archive, asking what has become of the remainder, whether it now amounts to anything more than defrosting debris among the postcolonial ruins. I ask what is the value of latent life? Or, rather, who is the value of latent life? This essay therefore serves as a supplement to more economistic estimates of biovalue.     

"节奏策略"的原理与运用

全面综述了体育运动领域内关于"节奏策略"的文献,普遍采用的节奏策略主要有4种:1)全冲型;2)慢起型;3)匀速型;4)变化型。但许多实证研究表明,在这些策略类型中并不存在一种最佳策略,最佳的节奏策略只是针对具体的比赛类型和具体环境以及个体。但许多学者认为,尽管运动员们在不同类型的比赛中会采用不同的节奏策略,但这些节奏策略的产生或变化的潜在原理很可能是相似的,即促使某种节奏策略产生的最重要的因素很可能是当事人对比赛终点(Endpoint)的认知和经验(Knowledge)。这种认知和经验的产生可能是通过一种"内部时钟"来完成的。大脑会结合当事人对终点的认知或经验和外部环境、内部条件等信息,计算出一个最佳的节奏策略。研究表明,在不同的节奏策略中,主观努力感觉(RPE)的值随着运动进程有增加的趋势,但它是一种"量子单位"的变化,同时,其他心理因素也应该考虑进RPE在运动中变化的过程中去。     

Ideational code‐switching: Walking the talk about supporting student creativity in the classroom

This article considers how teachers can begin to reconcile their value for creativity with a pedagogy that supports it. First, teachers’ experiences of finding themselves caught in the middle between valuing creativity and helping students conform to the constraints of the classroom are considered. Next, the role that constraints play in creativity is discussed. Finally, a new way of thinking about creative expression, called ideational code‐switching, is proposed. Ideational code‐switching represents the ability to move between intrapersonal creative interpretations and interpersonal creative expression. The article closes with suggestions for how teachers can support students’ ideational code‐switching and thereby encourage creative expression in their classroom.     

运动促进脑健康的基础科学研究进展——基于第64届美国运动医学会年会报告综述

摘要：以介绍第64届美国运动医学会年会暨第8届运动是良医世界科学大会和运动与脑的基础科学世界大会的主要研究热点为目的。以基础科学世界大会的主报告和专题报告为基本思路,重点阐述了运动与脑的基础科学专题报告、ACSM年会和运动是良医大会中运动促进脑健康的相关研究内容。并通过PubMed等数据库检索相关文献,对大会运动促进脑健康的专题报告内容、相关主题的最新研究成果等进行探讨。目前,关于运动促进脑健康的研究热点主要集中在运动与脑的可塑性、运动与脑和肠道菌群、运动与青少年学习成绩、运动中的脑震荡问题、运动与老年神经系统变性疾病等方面。这些研究成果的前沿和热点为更深入的探究运动促进脑健康提供新的思路,同时为我国体育科学、运动医学、神经生物科学及运动康复研究提供参考。     

Age-specific response of skeletal muscle extracellular matrix to acute resistance exercise: A pilot study

The extracellular matrix (ECM) plays an essential role in the development, growth and repair of skeletal muscles and serves to transmit contractile force. However, its regulation is poorly understood. This study investigates the age-specificity of the effects of acute resistance exercise on ECM gene expression. To this purpose, five young (YM, 23.8?±?2.2 yrs.) and 5 elderly (EM, 66.8?±?4.1 yrs.) men performed one session of unilateral leg press and leg extension exercises. Six hours post-exercise, biopsies were taken from the vastus lateralis muscles of both legs. A PCR array was used to profile the expression of 84 ECM-related genes, of which 6 were validated by qPCR. The PCR array found 9 and 4 ECM-associated genes to be selectively altered (>1.5-fold change) in YM or EM only. Four further genes were upregulated in YM but downregulated in EM. Of the 6 genes validated on individual samples MMP9 expression increased in YM (9.7-fold) and decreased (0.2-fold) in EM. MMP15 was downregulated in EM only (0.6-fold). A significant correlation between leg extension 1 RM and changes in COL7A1 expression (ρ?=?0.71) suggests a potential influence of fitness levels. In conclusion, acute resistance exercise affects ECM gene expression at least partly in an age-specific manner. The altered expression of genes encoding matrix metalloproteinases (MMP3, MMP9, MMP15) highlights the role of remodelling processes in the response to an acute bout of resistance exercise. Larger studies are required to verify the age-associated differences in gene expression profiles and establish their functional implications.     

生命信息学视野中的人--兼谈死亡标准问题

生命信息学把人看成一个具有多层网络结构的“活着”的信息系统,而人体硬件即“活着”的物质系统只是它生存和发展的依托。在宇宙演变过程中,一切物质形态的生成物都有一定的生存周期,但是,基因和化一经产生．便可以在不断的复制和进化中永存。基因信号和化符号对人类行为共同起着控制作用。章的中心是讨论人的信息学本质,最后以死亡标准为例说明生命伦理问题的信息转向及其意义。     

全脑体育教育与人的第二大脑——双手运动潜能的全面开发

通过研究,全面地阐明了手是人脑的“父母”,也是人的第二大脑。人的远端肢体(手、足)的活动,尤其是手指运动,更有利于脑潜能的开发。如手指运动有利于激发脑的思维、记忆等智力功能,有利于青少年儿童思维敏捷度和创新、创造能力的提高。进而对“利手”进行了研究,认为“左利手”人(左撇子)反应速度、灵敏性、协调性和应变能力以及操作智商与操作能力比“右利手”人(右撇子)更强。传统体育教育偏重开发右手潜能,而忽视左手潜能的开发,文中认为全脑体育教育更强调全面开发青少年儿童双手体育潜能的开发,从而全面地开发青少年儿童的运动和智力潜能。     

有氧运动对高脂膳食大鼠脂肪组织COX2的影响

目的:旨在观察有氧运动对高脂膳食大鼠白色脂肪组织(WAT)和棕色脂肪组织(BAT)中环氧合酶2(COX2)及其相关基因的影响,以探讨有氧运动促进WAT棕色化及BAT活化以抵抗高脂膳食对机体血脂和体重不利影响的可能机制。方法:雄性SD大鼠随机分为普通对照组(C组)、普通运动组(E组)、高脂对照组(HC组)和高脂运动组(HE组),每组7只。E组和HE组进行中等强度跑台训练。8周干预结束后,计算各组大鼠Lee’s指数,测量体成分,称量WAT(肾周和附睾处)和BAT(肩胛处)湿重;测试血清甘油三酯(TG)和总胆固醇(CHO)含量;RT-qPCR检测BAT中COX2 mRNA的相对表达量;Western blot法检测脂肪组织中肾上腺素能受体β3(Adrβ3)、COX2和解偶联蛋白(UCP1)蛋白含量。结果:1)饲喂第2周起高脂膳食大鼠体重较普通膳食大鼠显著升高,运动第3周起,HE组体重较HC组均显著降低;运动后E组和HE组大鼠的Lee’s指数分别较C组和HC组显著性下降;2)高脂膳食大鼠脂肪含量显著增加,运动后出现显著性下降;与C组相比,HC组WAT湿重显著增加,运动组WAT湿重显著降低,E组BAT%较C组显著升高;3)有氧运动降低高脂膳食大鼠血清CHO和TG水平;4)运动组BAT中COX2 mRNA表达显著高于对照组;5)E组BAT中UCP1、COX2和Adrβ3蛋白表达显著高于C组,HE组WAT中COX2蛋白表达显著高于HC组。结论:有氧运动可降低高脂膳食机体的血脂水平,改善体脂含量和体重,该过程可能与运动激活WAT和BAT中Adrβ3以促进COX2的表达,增加WAT和BAT中UCP1的表达,以促进BAT的活化和WAT的棕色化有关。