论教师良好情感智力的培养

在功利主义教育观的指导下 ,教师素质结构中强调的是认知素质 ,这不符合当代教育发展的要求。“以人为本”的教育观 ,要求教师认知与情感平衡发展。因而 ,教师要注重良好情感智力的养成。主要是两个方面 :一是良好的情感特征 ,二是表达情感的技能技巧的培养。     

"节奏策略"的原理与运用

全面综述了体育运动领域内关于"节奏策略"的文献,普遍采用的节奏策略主要有4种:1)全冲型;2)慢起型;3)匀速型;4)变化型。但许多实证研究表明,在这些策略类型中并不存在一种最佳策略,最佳的节奏策略只是针对具体的比赛类型和具体环境以及个体。但许多学者认为,尽管运动员们在不同类型的比赛中会采用不同的节奏策略,但这些节奏策略的产生或变化的潜在原理很可能是相似的,即促使某种节奏策略产生的最重要的因素很可能是当事人对比赛终点(Endpoint)的认知和经验(Knowledge)。这种认知和经验的产生可能是通过一种"内部时钟"来完成的。大脑会结合当事人对终点的认知或经验和外部环境、内部条件等信息,计算出一个最佳的节奏策略。研究表明,在不同的节奏策略中,主观努力感觉(RPE)的值随着运动进程有增加的趋势,但它是一种"量子单位"的变化,同时,其他心理因素也应该考虑进RPE在运动中变化的过程中去。     

Ideational code‐switching: Walking the talk about supporting student creativity in the classroom

This article considers how teachers can begin to reconcile their value for creativity with a pedagogy that supports it. First, teachers’ experiences of finding themselves caught in the middle between valuing creativity and helping students conform to the constraints of the classroom are considered. Next, the role that constraints play in creativity is discussed. Finally, a new way of thinking about creative expression, called ideational code‐switching, is proposed. Ideational code‐switching represents the ability to move between intrapersonal creative interpretations and interpersonal creative expression. The article closes with suggestions for how teachers can support students’ ideational code‐switching and thereby encourage creative expression in their classroom.     

Policy review: South Carolina 1

In recent years there has been a significant growth in the number of international students. In several developed countries the inflow of foreign tertiary students has become a significant source of income for higher education (HE) providers and the economy as a whole. This net inflow of foreign students has been indirectly and, more recently, directly encouraged by government policies in these countries. However, this ‘trade’ in HE is unbalanced, with low‐income countries being significant net ‘importers’ of HE. Here we review the theoretical and empirical literature to reassess the impact of this growth of international students on the extent and pattern of global income inequality. We conclude that the benefits from the growth of trade in HE accrue predominantly to developed countries, with the costs being disproportionately borne by the poorest countries. Analysis is presented explaining why national and pan‐national policies are unlikely to rectify this imbalance.     

Maslow and Team Organization

Many middle schools use the Web to disseminate and gather information. Online barriers often limit the accessibility of the Web for students with disabilities. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the accessibility of home pages of a sample of middle schools. The authors located 165 Web sites using a popular online directory and evaluated the sites for accessibility. A software program quantified the number of accessibility errors at each site. Most middle school home pages had accessibility problems, and the majority of them represented severe concerns that should be given a high priority for improvement. The good news is that the majority of the errors can easily be corrected. The work reflects a need for middle schools to continuously examine the accessibility of their home pages. Direction for improving accessibility is provided.     

Neuroscience,education and the evolution of the human brain

This article has two purposes. The first is to bring current developments in neuroscience, including educational neuroscience, to the attention of historians of education. The second is to demonstrate how historians of education, in common with philosophers, psychologists and sociologists, can contribute to this new field. Education has replaced natural selection in human evolution. Symbolic representations, speech, memory, writing, printing, screen-based communications and various mood-changing activities have shaped and are continuing to shape the human brain. It is argued here that by taking a longer historical perspective and recognising the brain as a palimpsest or kluge, historians of education can help to explain the limitations of neuroplasticity and some of the fundamental problems that beset formal educational systems. Just as education needs to be afforded a more central role in the history of human evolution, so the brain needs to be given a more central role in the history of education.     

Prediction of segmental lean mass using anthropometric variables in young adults

Abstract

The aim of the present study was to develop and cross-validate anthropometrical prediction equations for segmental lean tissue mass (SLM). One hundred and seventeen young healthy Caucasians (67 men and 50 women; mean age: 31.9 ± 10.0 years; Body Mass Index: 24.3 ± 3.2 kg · m^?2) were included. Body mass (BM), stretch stature (SS), 14 circumferences (CC), 13 skinfolds (SF) and 4 bone breadths (BB) were used as anthropometric measurements. Segmental lean mass of both arms, trunk and both legs were measured by dual energy X-ray absorptiometry as the criterion method. Three prediction equations for SLM were developed as follows: arms = 40.394(BM) + 169.836(CCarm-tensed) + 399.162(CCwrist) – 85.414(SFtriceps) – 39.790(SFbiceps) – 7289.190, where Adj.R ² = 0.97, P < 0.001, and standard error of estimate (SEE) = 355 g;trunk = 181.530(BM) + 155.037(SS) + 534.818(CCneck) + 175.638(CCchest) ? 88.359(SFchest) ? 147.232(SFsupraspinale) ? 46522.165, where Adj.R ² = 0.97, P < 0.001, and SEE = 1077g; and legs = 55.838(BM) + 88.356(SS) + 235.579(CCmid-thigh) + 278.595(CCcalf) + 288.984(CCankle) ? 84.954(SFfront-thigh) ? 53.009(SFmedial calf) ? 28522.241, where Adj.R ² = 0.96, P < 0.001, and SEE = 724 g. Cross-validation statistics showed no significant differences (P < 0.05) between observed and predicted SLM. Root mean squared errors were smallest for arms (362 g), followed by legs (820 g) and trunk (1477 g). These new prediction equations allow an accurate estimation of segmental lean mass in groups of young adults, but estimation errors of 8 to 14% can occur in certain individuals.     

The accuracy and precision of DXA for assessing body composition in team sport athletes

Abstract

This study determined the precision of pencil and fan beam dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) devices for assessing body composition in professional Australian Football players. Thirty-six professional Australian Football players, in two groups (fan DXA, N = 22; pencil DXA, N = 25), underwent two consecutive DXA scans. A whole body phantom with known values for fat mass, bone mineral content and fat-free soft tissue mass was also used to validate each DXA device. Additionally, the criterion phantom was scanned 20 times by each DXA to assess reliability. Test–retest reliability of DXA anthropometric measures were derived from repeated fan and pencil DXA scans. Fat-free soft tissue mass and bone mineral content from both DXA units showed strong correlations with, and trivial differences to, the criterion phantom values. Fat mass from both DXA showed moderate correlations with criterion measures (pencil: r = 0.64; fan: r = 0.67) and moderate differences with the criterion value. The limits of agreement were similar for both fan beam DXA and pencil beam DXA (fan: fat-free soft tissue mass = ?1650 ± 179 g, fat mass = ?357 ± 316 g, bone mineral content = 289 ± 122 g; pencil: fat-free soft tissue mass = ?1701 ± 257 g, fat mass = ?359 ± 326 g, bone mineral content = 177 ± 117 g). DXA also showed excellent precision for bone mineral content (coefficient of variation (%CV) fan = 0.6%; pencil = 1.5%) and fat-free soft tissue mass (%CV fan = 0.3%; pencil = 0.5%) and acceptable reliability for fat measures (%CV fan: fat mass = 2.5%, percent body fat = 2.5%; pencil: fat mass = 5.9%, percent body fat = 5.7%). Both DXA provide precise measures of fat-free soft tissue mass and bone mineral content in lean Australian Football players. DXA-derived fat-free soft tissue mass and bone mineral content are suitable for assessing body composition in lean team sport athletes.     

Experimental evidence for improved neuroimaging interpretation using three-dimensional graphic models

Three-dimensional (3D) or volumetric visualization is a useful resource for learning about the anatomy of the human brain. However, the effectiveness of 3D spatial visualization has not yet been assessed systematically. This report analyzes whether 3D volumetric visualization helps learners to identify and locate subcortical structures more precisely than classical cross-sectional images based on a two dimensional (2D) approach. Eighty participants were assigned to each experimental condition: 2D cross-sectional visualization vs. 3D volumetric visualization. Both groups were matched for age, gender, visual-spatial ability, and previous knowledge of neuroanatomy. Accuracy in identifying brain structures, execution time, and level of confidence in the response were taken as outcome measures. Moreover, interactive effects between the experimental conditions (2D vs. 3D) and factors such as level of competence (novice vs. expert), image modality (morphological and functional), and difficulty of the structures were analyzed. The percentage of correct answers (hit rate) and level of confidence in responses were significantly higher in the 3D visualization condition than in the 2D. In addition, the response time was significantly lower for the 3D visualization condition in comparison with the 2D. The interaction between the experimental condition (2D vs. 3D) and difficulty was significant, and the 3D condition facilitated the location of difficult images more than the 2D condition. 3D volumetric visualization helps to identify brain structures such as the hippocampus and amygdala, more accurately and rapidly than conventional 2D visualization. This paper discusses the implications of these results with regards to the learning process involved in neuroimaging interpretation.     

矮晚柚腋芽丛生离体繁殖体系的建立

利用组织培养方法建立植物快速繁殖体系能很好地保存种质资源。该研究以矮晚柚无菌苗茎尖及子叶节为试验材料,采用正交设计L9,研究基本培养基、激素配比对腋芽萌发、芽增殖及壮苗的影响。结果表明：最适材料为无茵苗子叶节,最佳腋芽诱导方案为I／2MS＋6-BA0．5mg／L＋NAA0．05mg/L＋GA31．0mg／L,丛生单芽在增值培养基1／2MS＋6-BA0．5mg／L＋NAA0．05mg／L的平均增殖系数达到5．8,最佳壮苗培养基为1／2MS＋6-BAO．5mg／L＋NAA0．1mg／L。