燃料油H2O2氧化脱硫技术研究进展

为了满足未来更为严格的含硫尾气的排放标准,燃料油的深度脱硫是当今国内外非常活跃的研究领域．由于过氧化氢氧化脱硫法具有较高的脱硫效率,同时,二次污染小,因此,有关H2O2选择性催化氧化与萃取相结合的方法成为倍受关注的方法之一．综述了国内外近几年关于H2O2氧化脱除燃料油中的含硫杂环化合物的研究进展．根据H2O2和催化反应体系的相态可分为两相催化体系和多相催化体系,详细介绍了这两种方法．最后提出目前过氧化氢氧化脱硫法存在的主要问题是过氧化氢使用效率较低和催化剂的回收及再利用．     

配合物K3[Al（C2O4）3]·3H2O的热分解反应及其动力学研究

采用TG—DSC方法研究了配合物K3[Al（C2O4）3]·3H2O的热分解反应过程,对其进行了动力学计算。由Friedman、Ozawa—Flynn—Wall、ASTME698三种方法得出峰温时的活化能值与指前因子值。应用Achar方法计算拟舍得到了最佳的机理函数。     

SO4^2-/La2O3-TiO2-HZSM-5催化合成对羟基苯甲酸酯

将SO4^2-/TiO2-HZSM-5负载镧制备了新型催化剂SO4^2-/La2O3-TiO2-HZSM-5,以对羟基苯甲酸和丙醇的酯化反应为探针,考察了不同制备条件对催化剂性能的影响。结果表明：la^3＋浸渍浓度为0.07 mol/L,经110℃烘干后于500℃焙烧3h所得催化剂活性最好。对影响酯化反应的因素进行考察,最佳实验条件为n（醇）∶n（酸）=5∶1,反应时间4h,催化剂用量3.0%（总物料）,酯化率可达96.0%。且该催化剂具有良好的重复使用和再生能力,适宜合成对羟基苯甲酸酯。     

固体磷酸催化剂的催化性能研究

采用浸溃法制备了固体磷酸催化剂,并将其用于催化乙酸乙酯合成。考察了固体磷酸催化剂制备过程及酯化反应过程中各因素对反应的影响。研究结果表明,当催化剂用量为冰醋酸质量的30％,醇酸摩尔比为3／1,反应时间为2．0h时,酯化率可达70．3％。     

Kinetic and kinematic analysis of stamping impacts during simulated rucking in rugby union

Laceration injuries account for up to 23% of injuries in rugby union. They are frequently caused by studded footwear as a result of a player stamping onto another player during the ruck. Little is known about the kinetics and kinematics of rugby stamping impacts; current test methods assessing laceration injury risk of stud designs therefore lack informed test parameters. In this study, twelve participants stamped on an anthropomorphic test device in a one-on-one simulated ruck setting. Velocity and inclination angle of the foot prior to impact was determined from high-speed video footage. Total stamping force and individual stud force were measured using pressure sensors. Mean foot inbound velocity was 4.3 m ? s^?1 (range 2.1–6.3 m ? s^?1). Mean peak total force was 1246 N and mean peak stud force was 214 N. The total mean effective mass during stamping was 6.6 kg (range: 1.6–13.5 kg) and stud effective mass was 1.2 kg (range: 0.5–2.9 kg). These results provide representative test parameters for mechanical test devices designed to assess laceration injury risk of studded footwear for rugby union.     

Comparative study on activating fly ash by quick lime and slaked lime: effects and kinetics

Lime, which is a frequently used activating agent of fly ash （FA）, has two main states： slaked lime and quick lime. We studied the effects of slaked lime and quick lime on activating FA, and discussed their kinetics. The results show that slaked lime is more beneficial for activating FA than quick lime given the condition of equivalent CaO amount. The use of slaked lime has superiority in technology and economy on activating FA. Theoretical analysis revealed that the kinetic constant of the activation reaction using slaked lime is higher than using quick lime, credited to the better volume stability and fineness, and smaller water demand of slaked lime.     

国家优秀女子速滑运动员直道滑行中下肢功率情况分析

为了有效评价运动员下肢各环节在蹬冰过程中的贡献情况,借助爱捷三维录像解析系统和CY-BEXNORM等动测试装置获得国家健将级女子速滑运动员的运动学和动力学数据,并采用牛顿差值计算方法计算出与实际运动学数据相对应的关节力矩,在此基础上计算出下肢各环节在蹬冰时功率输出值。研究结果表明:髋关节在单支撑阶段适当伸展,有利于增加整个蹬冰阶段的大腿功率输出;高速度、大角度伸膝肌群肌力差,引起两人小腿峰值功率过早出现,减少双支撑蹬冰阶段功率输出;踝关节肌力不足,刻意展踝,加重了伸小腿肌力不足现象,减少小腿在整个蹬冰过程中的作用。     

Effect of movement speed on trunk and hip exercise performance

Abstract

The influence of speed on trunk exercise technique is poorly understood. The aim of this study was to analyse the effect of movement speed on the kinematics and kinetics of curl-up, sit-up and leg raising/lowering exercises. Seventeen healthy, recreationally trained individuals (13 females and 4 males) volunteered to participate in this study. Four different exercise cadences were analysed: 1 repetition/4 s, 1 repetition/2 s, 1 repetition/1.5 s and 1 repetition/1 s. The exercises were executed on a force plate and recorded by three cameras to conduct a 3D photogrammetric analysis. The cephalo-caudal displacement of the centre of pressure and range of motion (ROM) of six joints describing the trunk and hip movements were measured. As sit-up and curl-up speed increased, hip and knee ROM increased. Dorsal-lumbar and upper trunk ROM increased with speed in the curl-up. Faster cadence in the sit-up exercise had minimal effect on trunk ROM: only the upper trunk ROM decreased significantly. In the leg raising/lowering exercise there was a decrease in the pelvic tilt and hip ROM, and increased knee flexion ROM. During higher speed exercises, participants modified their technique to maintain the cadence. Thus, professionals would do well to monitor and control participants' technique during high-speed exercises to maintain performance specificity. Results also suggest division of speed into two cadence categories, to be used as a reference for prescribing exercise speed based on preferred outcome goals.     

Effects of load on ground reaction force and lower limb kinematics during concentric squats

The purpose of this study was to examine the effects of external load on vertical ground reaction force, and linear and angular kinematics, during squats. Eight males aged 22.1?±?0.8 years performed maximal concentric squats using loads ranging from 7 to 70% of one-repetition maximum on a force plate while linear barbell velocity and the angular kinematics of the hip, knee and ankle were recorded. Maximum, average and angle-specific values were recorded. The ground reaction force ranged from 1.67?±?0.20 to 3.21?±?0.29 times body weight and increased significantly as external load increased (P?<?0.05). Bar linear velocity ranged from 0.54?±?0.11 to 2.50?±?0.50?m?·?s^?1 and decreased significantly with increasing external load (P?<?0.05). Hip, knee and ankle angles at maximum ground reaction force were affected by external load (P?<?0.05). The force?–?barbell velocity curves were fitted using linear models with coefficients (r ²) ranging from 0.59 to 0.96. The results suggest that maximal force exertion during squat exercises is not achieved at the same position of the lower body as external load is increased. In contrast, joint velocity coordination does not change as load is increased. The force?–?velocity relationship was linear and independent from the set of data used for its determination.     

Contraction force specificity and its relationship to functional performance

Abstract

Best practice for improving strength and power through resistance strength training has been the subject of much research and subsequent conjecture. Much of the conjecture can be attributed to methodological discrepancies. The type of dynamometry used in testing, the training experience of research participants, the specific technique employed in a lift, and the methods of collection and calculation all impact on the final variables of interest. This review examines contraction force specificity by first addressing the methodological issues surrounding our interpretation of the results. Then we address the kinematics and kinetics associated with single and multiple repetitions in relation to the development of strength, power, and functional performance. This discussion provides the delimitations for analysis of subsequent training studies. Finally, recommendations are formulated with the aim of assisting assessment and training practice as well as providing directions for future research. The results of this review suggest that the enhancements in performance resulting from resistance training are context specific in experienced resistance-trained participants. Thus, specific conditioning could be required to achieve improvements in functional performance in this group.