基于组织视角的隐性知识管理系统动力学分析

对隐性知识的有效管理是知识价值实现的重要途径。以组织的视角为出发点,首先根据组织进行隐性知识管理的内容,将组织的隐性知识管理任务划分为三部分,然后根据影响组织进行隐性知识管理的若干因素设计系统动力学模型,通过对该模型的分析,明确在组织实施隐性知识管理的过程中,各因素之间的逻辑因果关系及反馈关系,最后提出提高组织隐性知识管理效率的若干措施。     

美国大学教师专业化归因及对我国的启示

在美国大学教师专业形成的历程中,促进其发展的因素体现在四方面:高门槛的大学教师准入制度;有效的大学教师专业组织保障;实施同行评议的评价制度;开放、流动、竞争的学术市场。我国大学教师的专业化成长可以从中得到几点启示:培养高度的学者社群意识;建立强有力的专业组织;建立和健全学术导向的评价制度;增强学术劳动力市场的流动性和国际吸引力。     

社会科学背景下因果推论的统计方法

如何根据非随机数据估计变量间的因果关系是社会科学研究中一个迫切的方法论问题。上世纪70年代,Rubin等人指出因果问题本质上是一个反事实的问题,认为某些统计方法可保证混淆变量和分组安排独立,并将这种方法推广到观察数据的分析中。倾向分数、工具变量和回归间断点是三种常用的方法,其中倾向分数居核心地位。以实际数据为例建立计算倾向分数的logistic模型,报告了模型的整体检验、预测变量的显著性检验和多重共线性检验、建立匹配组和分析结果报告。     

汉语因果复句的原型表达

"因为……,所以……"在各类教材中被描述为最普遍、最典型的因果类复句形式,此描述与人们实际语言中的使用情况存在一定差距。两个关联词同时出现的因果复句数量非常有限,而被看作特殊的、非典型的因果句"……,因为……"的出现频率远高于其他形式。语言表达上的因果关系有别于逻辑上的因果关系,后者强调因果之间的必然性联系,前者则不强调,而是以人们的主观认识为依据来表现因果关系。"……,因为……"目前仍被看作是一种语用的凸显格式,但这种"语用语序"已经越来越普遍地被人们所使用,表现出"语用法的语法化"趋势。     

Team-Referent Attributions Among Sport Performers

Abstract

The aim of this study was to develop and validate a team-referent attribution scale. Conducted over three studies, Study 1 modified items from McAuley, Duncan, and Russell's (1992) Causal Dimension Scale II by rewording items to reflect team attributions and adding one item per factor. This led to the development of a 16-item scale (Causal Dimension Scale-T, CDS-T). Study 2 tested competing models of attribution theory among a sample of 433 team sport players. Confirmatory factor analysis indicated strongest support for a four-factor model (robust comparative fit index = .961; root mean squared error of approximation = .054). Study 3 tested the predictive validity of the scale among a sample of 201 team players. Results indicated that winners reported more internal and stable attributions than losers. Further, performances perceived as successful were associated with stable attributions. The results of the study, therefore, suggest that the CDS-T provides a valid measure of team-referent attributions in sport.     

成就动机的归因模型建构及其在教育实践中的运用

教育是归因理论最重要的应用领域之一，学生对其学业成败的归因在决定其成就动机和学习行为方面有重要作用．而当今成就动机研究几乎成了动机研究的同义语，关心学生学业成就的教育心理学家占据了动机研究的中心舞台．在此背景下，归因理论的介入给其研究注入了新的活力，成为该领域的主旋律，对教育教学实践起着积权的指导意义．文章拟结合动机研究的发展历程，对成就动机的归因模型建构加以探析，并讨论其在教育教学实践中的意义及运用．     

Parental Explanatory Models of Child’s Intellectual Disability: a Q Methodology Study

This study with families caring for an individual with an intellectual disability in a mid-sized Indian city explored the diverse explanatory models that parents constructed of causes, preferred treatment approaches and perceived social effects of their child’s intellectual disability. Seventeen mothers and three fathers rank ordered 48 disability related statements and participated in a qualitative interview. The intercorrelations and factor analysis of participant sorts helped to generate three parental explanatory models which were named religious resilience, in search of treatment and social change, and it is a burden to bear. The three models extracted 23%, 20% and 9% variance respectively. Interpretations based on factor arrays, consensus and differentiating statements, and qualitative interviews indicated that the first explanatory model utilised religion and spirituality to positively frame their child’s intellectual disability. The second explanatory model rejected religious notions and did not dwell on the cause of disability, but rather focused on optimal rehabilitation of individuals with an intellectual disability. The third model was characterised by maladaptive religious attributions and rehabilitation approaches.     

Adding up or Down: A Discussion

ABSTRACT

Increased access to algebra was a focal point of the National Mathematics Advisory Panel's 2008 report on improving mathematics learning in the United States. Past research found positive effects for early access to algebra, but the focus on average effects may mask important variation across student subgroups. The author addresses whether these positive effects hold up when the analysis is expanded to examine effect heterogeneity. Using a nationally representative sample of eighth-grade students in 1988, the author examined sensitivity of findings to methods for selection bias adjustment, heterogeneity across the propensity to take algebra in Grade 8, and across schools. The findings support past research regarding positive benefits to Grade 8 algebra and are consistent with policies that increase access to algebra in middle school.     

Causal Inferences in the Campbellian Validity System

The purpose of the present paper is to critically examine causal inferences and internal validity as defined by Campbell and co‐workers. Several arguments are given against their counterfactual effect definition, and this effect definition should be considered inadequate for causal research in general. Moreover, their defined independence between internal and construct validity is not meaningful. An alternative causal inference and its validity are proposed, where the causal effect is defined in factual terms, and where the causal inference includes constructs.     

La motivación en las personas deficientes mentales

Resumen

Las investigaciones existentes sobre rasgos motivacionales en personas deficientes mentales encuentran en ellas expectativas de éxito más bajas y expectativas de fracaso más altas, autoconcepto y competencia percibida más bajos, atribuciones causales desfavorables, indefensión aprendida, menor motivación intrínseca y un lugar de control externo. Estos rasgos se adquieren evolutivamente y parecen depender, al menos parcialmente, de ciertos factores: segregación-integración, etiología de la deficiencia, institucionalización, socialización, feedback de los educadores, etc.

Los estudios conocidos sobre entrenamiento motivational con deficientes mentales se han basado en la teoría de la atribución causal y son notablemente escasos, aunque se registran resultados positivos. En los últimos años, por otra parte, se ha desarrollado un modelo de entrenamiento metacognitivo que incluye un componente motivational (concretamente, atribucional)y que se muestra prometedor para los sujetos deficientes mentales.