The role of parents in young people’s education—a critical review of the causal evidence

There is currently a considerable body of research suggesting that parental involvement is linked to young people’s attainment at school. It is also generally agreed that a number of factors such as parental background, attention, warmth and parenting style are associated with children’s later life outcomes. However, although widely assumed on the basis of these associations, the nature of this causal link has not yet been established. This paper summarises what would be needed to demonstrate that enhanced parental involvement produced better attainment and other outcomes, based on establishing an association, the correct sequence of events, sensitivity to intervention and an explanatory mechanism. It then reports on the findings of a systematic review of available and relevant studies, based on this approach. The search for evidence on the impact of attitudes, expectations and behaviour on attainment yielded 1,008 distinct reports. Of these, 77 were directly about the impact of parental involvement. These confirm that parental involvement and attainment are linked, and in the correct sequence for a causal model. There are several plausible mechanisms to explain why parental involvement might have an impact. And most crucially and unlike all other areas linking attitudes and behaviour to attainment, there is promising evidence that intervening to improve parental involvement could be effective.     

The Model-Size Effect on Traditional and Modified Tests of Covariance Structures

The integration of modern methods for causal inference with latent class analysis (LCA) allows social, behavioral, and health researchers to address important questions about the determinants of latent class membership. In this article, 2 propensity score techniques, matching and inverse propensity weighting, are demonstrated for conducting causal inference in LCA. The different causal questions that can be addressed with these techniques are carefully delineated. An empirical analysis based on data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth 1979 is presented, where college enrollment is examined as the exposure (i.e., treatment) variable and its causal effect on adult substance use latent class membership is estimated. A step-by-step procedure for conducting causal inference in LCA, including multiple imputation of missing data on the confounders, exposure variable, and multivariate outcome, is included. Sample syntax for carrying out the analysis using SAS and R is given in an appendix.     

科技资源投入影响科技产出的机理分析——基于中美两国创新体系的建模与仿真

对中国和美国国家创新体系运行进行系统分析,绘制以专利申请数量为起点和终点的国家创新体系因果关系图,建立国家创新体系系统动力学模型,运用中国和美国的数据进行系统仿真,揭示了资金、人才等要素在创新体系中的作用以及对科技产出变动趋势的影响.     

因果模糊性、可占有程度与技术获取方式的关系研究

选择合适的技术获取方式,是企业技术创新战略的核心问题之一。以302个样本为研究对象,利用结构方程模型对技术知识因果模糊性、创新成果可占有程度与技术获取方式三者之间的关系进行实证研究。结果表明,技术知识的默示性对外部购买具有显著的负向影响,复杂性对内部研发和外部购买有显著的正向影响;专属性对创新成果可占有程度有显著的正向影响,复杂性与创新成果可占有程度之间呈倒U形关系。同时,创新成果可占有程度是企业选择不同技术获取方式的重要决策依据,创新成果可占有程度越高,企业选择内部研发获取技术的可能性越高,选择外部购买方式获取技术的可能性越低。     

基于未来教室的英语批判性思维训练研究

现代英语教学要反映先进的教育思想和理念,关注信息环境下的教学改革,着力发展学生的核心素养。文章以一节课的具体设计思路,结合理论来展示英语教学如何与批判性思维的培养相结合,如何培养学生“确立问题,评价信息,检验信息,接受相反观点,批判自我,完善自我认知”的思维素养。     

中国水泥生产碳排放系数省区空间差异性及成因分析

中国作为全球最大水泥生产国,水泥生产碳排放量大。除因产能、产量规模差异形成省区间排放总量差异外,碳排放系数区域差异也影响着总排放量不同。本文以省区为单元,基于全国20个主要水泥生产省区的碳排放系数抽样调查基础数据,分析和比较了省区间水泥熟料工艺碳排放系数、熟料燃料碳排放系数、水泥工艺碳排放系数、水泥燃料碳排放系数及间接碳排放系数的空间差异,结合ArcGIS对各类碳排放系数的空间差异分布进行直观体现;并以生产线为对象分析省区间水泥生产碳排放系数存在空间差异的原因。相关分析结果表明：水泥熟料工艺碳排放系数在总体上呈现由西部、中部省区向东部省区递减的态势,差异性产生的原因主要是省区间水泥用石灰石品质的不同,即生料中石灰石的CaO含量起到基本决定作用,替代材料用量及CaO比例也会产生一定影响;熟料燃料碳排放系数总体分布格局是东部沿海省区相对较低,中西部省区较高,差异原因主要是各省区水泥生产线所用煤炭种类及低位发热值的差异。煤炭低位发热值较高的省区,燃料碳排放系数就越小;水泥工艺碳排放系数及燃料碳排放系数的总体格局是多数东部沿海省区相对较低,中西部多数省区相对较高。差异主要与水泥熟料比直接相关,熟料比越低则水泥碳排放系数亦越小;间接碳排放系数主要由大区电力生产碳排放系数所决定,但水泥生产线余热发电对间接碳排放系数亦有影响。     

区域产业集成创新系统的协同演化研究

产业集成创新是区域产业跨越式发展和建设创新型国家的重要方式和途径。基于系统论对区域产业集成创新系统进行解构,采用系统动力学方法建立了区域产业集成创新系统的因果关系模型,通过从微观角度分析产业集成创新影响因素之间的作用关系,揭示了系统宏观整体的演化特征和演化路径,明确了产业集成创新的关键环节,提出了推进我国区域产业结构的转型升级与产业核心竞争力提升的对策。     

英语学习成败归因调查研究

文章以320名非英语专业大二学生为研究对象,对研究对象英语学习成败归因倾向及归因倾向与英语学习成绩之间的关系进行了研究。不同英语水平的学生在成功归因上的差异不明显,但对失败的归因在学习环境、运气好坏、语言天赋和任务难度等方面都有显著差异,学生对学习成败的不同归因倾向对其学习行为和学习成绩都有很大的影响。     

回避策略使用的实验研究及对外语教学的启示

回避策略是外语学习者或使用者在语言输出时采用的一种迂回方法。它是交际策略中策略能力的一个重要组成部分,能直接影响到外语交际的成败。本研究通过表示让步和因果关系的从句和短语的翻译练习,考察了回避策略的运用,分析了学习者使用回避策略的原因及回避策略的使用与学习者外语水平的相关性等问题。     

试论Roxin客观归责论的意义

Roxin客观归责论具有重要意义,它是深化的实质构成要件论,解决了刑法理论通说中因果关系论的缺陷,将构成要件中与行为有关的出罪因素系统化。