荀子生年及游齐时间汇考

荀子的生年及游齐时间,至今众说纷纭,莫衷一是。产生分歧的原因,在于对荀子游齐时间的看法各异。通过进行综合比较诸家说法,逐一剖析各自由来,根据《荀子》原书和史实,断定荀子游齐时间为齐襄王六年,并推断其生年约在齐威王三十年。     

Serum lipids and malondialdehyde levels in primiparous patients with pregnancy induced hypertension

Background  Pregnancy induced hypertension (PIH) contributes to 15.6% maternal mortality in India. In Behrampur, Orissa, maternal deaths due to PIH was 32%, which is twice the national incidence. Hence in this population, some factors associated with severity of PIH were studied. Serum lipid concentrations and malondialdehyde (MDA) levels were correlated with severity of PIH and birth weight of the neonate. Patients & Methods  70 primiparous PIH patients and 20 healthy controls were studied. Serum lipids and MDA were estimated. Maternal blood pressures and birth weights of the neonate were recorded. Results and Conclusion  Serum cholesterol, triglyceride, LDL, VLDL and MDA were significantly elevated in primiparous PIH patients when compared to control subjects. Average birth weight of babies born to mothers with PIH was less than those born to control subjects. The most significant factor was that in this geographical area, 26% of the primiparous patients with PIH were below 20 years of age while only 15% of the controls were less than 20 years, indicating that younger maternal age was a contributing factor to PIH.     

Safely Giving Birth

In this column, the editor of the Journal of Perinatal Education discusses the growing challenge of assuring a safe birth. The editor also describes the contents of this issue, which offer a broad range of resources, research, and inspiration for childbirth educators in their efforts to promote, support, and protect normal birth.     

Research Summaries for Normal Birth

In this column, the author summarizes research studies relevant to normal birth. The studies summarized include a large trial evaluating the effect of prior vaginal births after a cesarean on outcomes in subsequent births; a study linking umbilical cord blood pH with intellectual outcomes in childhood; and a prospective trial evaluating the effect of routine antenatal nonstress testing on maternal anxiety. The author also highlights four articles about normal birth in a recent nursing journal series dedicated to the topic.     

Research Summaries for Normal Birth

In this column, the authors summarize four research studies relevant to normal birth. Topics of the studies summarized include the harms of screening for macrosomia late in pregnancy, the risk factors for and impact of postpartum pain in childbearing women, the effects of a breastfeeding approach called “biological nurturing” on reflexive behavior in newborns, and the effects of prenatal yoga on labor and birth outcomes.     

Research Summaries for Normal Birth

In this column, the author summarizes four research studies relevant to normal birth. The studies summarized include a systematic review of trials evaluating the benefits versus harms of routine artificial rupture of the membranes; a study of the effect of continuous female labor support by a minimally trained family member or friend on attachment and early parenting; a systematic review examining the relationship between cesarean surgery and postpartum urinary incontinence; and a randomized controlled trial of warm perineal compresses during the second stage of labor.     

Preparing for the First Birth: Mothers' Experiences at Home and in Hospital in Australia

The aim of this research was to explore the experiences of a group of first-time mothers who had given birth at home or in hospital in Australia. Data were generated from in-depth interviews with 19 women and analyzed using a grounded theory approach. One of the categories to emerge from the analysis, “Preparing for Birth,” is discussed in this article. Preparing for Birth consisted of two subcategories, “Finding a Childbirth Setting” and “Setting Up Birth Expectations,” which were mediated by beliefs, convenience, finances, reputation, imagination, education and knowledge, birth stories, and previous life experiences. Overall, the women who had planned home births felt more prepared for birth and were better supported by their midwives compared with women who had planned hospital births.     

Charlotte's Birth

A young mother shares her story of normal birth at home. Her story includes a thank-you letter written to Ina May Gaskin, who shared her wisdom in her book, Ina May's Guide to Childbirth.     

论《春秋谷梁传》的产生与成书先于《春秋公羊传》

谷梁子是《春秋谷梁传》学派的创始人,也是《春秋谷梁传》的最早的作者。《春秋谷梁传》的产生先于《春秋公羊传》,荀子对《春秋谷梁传》学术特色之形成起了决定性作用,其间当对《春秋谷梁传》多有损益。《春秋谷梁传》在先秦时代即有古文文本流传,《春秋谷梁传》的成书明显先于《春秋公羊传》。     

20世纪90年代河北省人口出生性别比真实水平的统计推断

普查资料显示,我国各省、市、自治区之间的人口出生性别比存在很大的差异性。通过对河北省"四普"和"五普"中同批人的统计资料分析表明,低年龄人口的漏报、瞒报现象是造成河北省出生性别比统计偏高的主要因素,但20世纪90年代出生人口性别比的真实水平仍然明显高于国际公认的正常水平。