Introduction to this Special Issue

In 2001, for the first time in the history of the International Association for Counselling, International Conference was held in a developing Asian country–India, with the theme Families in Transition–Counselling in Transition–Meeting the Challenges Ahead. This special issue contains some of the presentations made by Indian participants during this conference which best reflect the challenges and diversities of counseling efforts with families in India. The first article was specially written for this issue in order to give an international relationship of this journal an in depth contextual understanding of Indian families in transition and the challenges they pose to the contemporary Indian counselor. Two articles are reflected to counseling families affected by socio-politial and economic changes. Five authors have written on counseling related to physical and mental disability/addiction and last two articles are reflected to authors experiences as family counselors.     

泰勒公式在用等价无穷小量替换求极限中的应用

用等价无穷小量替换求极限是一种常用、方便、有效的方法.但寻求等价无穷小量并非易事.本文主要探讨用泰勒公式寻求等价无穷小量及用等价无穷小替换求极限的方法.     

热学孤立系统中温升变化的实验分析

通过对热学孤立系统中温升变化的实验分析，阐明影响热学孤立系统实验结果的主要因素，所得到的结论对热学孤立系统的同类实验也适用。     

Effect of Air Velocity on Thermal Comfort under Thermal Environment Ramp Changing

Set points of the indoor air temperature and relative humidity in short-term staying location were studied. In this condition, the thermal reaction of human body varied with the ramp changes of the environmental thermal parameters. The change rules of about 60 subjects‘ thermal reaction to the ramp change of environment were surveyed, and the effect of air movement on the thermal reaction during transient condition was considered by using a questionnaire. With the experimental results and research findings under stable condition, a way to set environmental parameters of short-time staying location was recommended.     

一类两种群食饵-捕食者模型的定性分析

具功能性反应的两种群食饵-捕食者模型：＆=xg（x）-yφ（x）,＆=y（-d＋eφ（x））当食饵种群的相对增长率g（x）与捕食者种群的捕食率φ（x）都是非线性的情况,运用微分方程稳定性理论和Poincaré-Bend ixon环域定理,探讨了系统平衡点的稳定性,给出系统极限环存在的充分条件.     

教育科研课题积分制评价方法探讨

长期以来,教育科研课题的管理缺乏有效的机制,导致教育科研的效率不高.文章根据项目管理和流程管理的基本原理,提出了教育科研课题积分制评价方法并将其运用于实践.该方法的核心是流程设计和数值分布.     

Conceptual change through vicarious learning in an authentic physics setting

Recent research on principles of best practice for designing effective multimedia instruction has rarely taken into account students’ alternative conceptions, which are known to strongly influence learning. The goal of this study was to determine how well students of quantum mechanics could learn ‘vicariously’ by watching a student-tutor dialogue based on alternative conceptions. Two video treatments were created to summarize key aspects of quantum tunneling, a fundamental quantum mechanical phenomenon. One video depicted a student-tutor dialogue, incorporating many of the common alternative conceptions on the topic, and resolving inconsistencies in reasoning through discussion. The other presented the same correct physics material in an expository style without alternative conceptions. Second year physics students were randomly assigned to one of the two treatments and were tested before and after watching the video during a lecture. Results show a statistically significant (p < .01) advantage for the learners in the dialogue treatment (d = 0.71). Follow-up interviews of students yielded insight into the affective and cognitive benefits of the dialogue video.     

Theory Competition and the Process of Change

The reasons why many educational change initiatives have little impact are often framed in terms of either a poorly designed process on the part of the change initiator, or in terms of problems with the attitudes, skills and/or knowledge of those responsible for implementation. In this paper, we seek to integrate these two perspectives more closely by focusing on their interface and the competing theories frequently held by the change initiators and implementers. This concept of theory competition is illustrated with a case of a national literacy initiative in New Zealand in which the change initiators wished to raise the achievement of low performing students through the development of “learning-centred” leadership in schools and evidence-based practice. The desired outcomes were not achieved because theories about what it means to be a successful leader in such a situation, the data needed to undertake the type of evidence-based analysis envisioned and school personnel beliefs about the target students were understood differently by those responsible for initiating the change and those responsible for implementing it.     

基于组织变革的中小学校长培训及其关系处理研究

校长培训组织应该依据社会与教育发展所引起的培训环境的变化，及时调整和完善自身结构和功能，以满足校长培训发展的新需要，这是一种新的搞好“十一五”中小学校长培训工作的组织变革观。文章认为。在实现培训组织变革中，要慎重处理好正规与非正规、现代培训手段与传统培训方式等六大关系。     

晚清法治观念演变探源

在近代中国，法治作为一种观念、制度被比较普遍地理解和接受，是一个长期孕育的过程。这一过程可以分为三个时期：从鸦片战争至19世纪70年代、从19世纪80年代至清末新政时期、清末新政时期。清末建立法制社会的努力虽然没有成功，但其意义不能低估。