An unembalmed cadaveric preparation for simulating pleural effusion: A pilot study of chest percussion involving medical students

Cadaveric simulations are an effective way to add clinical context to an anatomy course. In this study, unembalmed (fresh) cadavers were uniquely prepared to simulate pleural effusion to teach chest percussion and review thoracic anatomy. Thirty first‐year medical students were assigned to either an intervention (Group A) or control group (Group B). Group A received hands‐on training with the cadaveric simulations. They were instructed on how to palpate bony landmarks for identifying the diaphragm and lobes of the lungs, as well as on how to properly perform chest percussion to detect abnormal fluid in the pleural space. Students in Group B practiced on each other. Students in Group A benefited from the training in several ways. They had more confidence in their percussive technique (A = mean 4.3/5.0, B = 2.9/5.0), ability to count the ribs on an intact body (A = mean 4.0/5.0, B = 3.0/5.0), and ability to identify the lobes of the lungs on an intact body (A = mean 3.8/5.0, B = 2.3/5.0). They also demonstrated a greater ability to locate the diaphragm on an intact body (A = 100%, B = 60%) and detect abnormal pleural fluid (A = 93%, B = 53%) with greater confidence (A = mean 3.7/5.0, B = 2.5/5.0). Finally, the hands‐on training with the unembalmed cadavers created more excitement around learning in Group A compared with Group B. This study shows that simulating pleural effusion in an unembalmed cadaver is a useful way to enhance anatomy education. Anat Sci Educ 10: 160–169. © 2016 American Association of Anatomists.     

北京市智力落后学生体格发育水平的调查研究

目的 :了解我国智力落后学生体格发育水平的现状 ,建立基础数据库。方法 :由学校体检专业队伍 ,在规定的时间内 ,对北京市 11所培智学校的全体在校学生 (生病者除外 )进行身高、坐高、体重、胸围、头围等五项体格发育指标进行测查 ,并由此派生出身高 /胸围指数、身体质量指数以及维尔维克指数。结论 :智力落后学生各项体格发育指标的均值总的趋势是随年龄的增长而增长 ,相对其他几项体格发育指标 ,头围的均数增长不平稳 ;胸围指标受性别的影响较小 ;大多数智力落后学生身体活动以及体育锻炼的状况较好 ;智力落后学生的营养状况还有待于进一步改善 ;维尔维克指数反映出智力落后学生的身体充实度和匀称度较好。     

严重急性呼吸系统综合征的影像学表现及临床特点

目的 :探讨急性呼吸系统综合征的胸部影像学表现及临床特点。方法 :对经确诊的 30例严重急性呼吸综合征患者的胸部影像学表现和临床特点进行回顾性分析。结果 :此 30例SARS患者的胸部影像学表现由肺实质的渗出或 /和间质的渗出程度所决定 ,根据病变早期及进展期的表现分为 4型 :(1 )局限小片型 :8例 ,早期为一片状局限灶性实变 ,随后病灶可增大 ,然后渐次吸收。(2 )广泛大片型 :6例 ,由早期单一局限片状病灶迅速发展为广泛大片状影(范围≥ 2个肺野 )。(3)间质肺纹型 :1 0例 ,主要表现为肺间质渗出性炎症 ,可有“粗网”、“细网”、“网点”之分。(4)多发混合型 :6例 ,早期即见肺内多发(病灶数目≥ 2个 )片状及结节状病灶或 /和与其它肺野的“网格状”及“网 -点状”阴影共在。结论 :X线检查是发现SARS的最基本的影像学检查方法。CT能更好地显示病变。在SARS的诊治过程中 ,影像学的“三有”与“三无”和实验室检查的“三高”与“三低”对诊断分型、分期有益 ,并有助于判断病情 ,指导治疗 ,估计预后     

汉台区城区小学学生生长发育的调查研究

通过对汉台区城区4所小学学生生长发育的调查发现，汉台区7－13岁儿童身高、体重和胸围2000年平均较1984年分别增长了2．16cm、2．37kg、1．01cm。结果说明16年来，随着人民物质生活和文化生活水平的提高，儿童的生长发育水平有了较大的提高，而且儿童的生长发育年龄有提前的趋势。     

CT引导下经皮肺穿刺活检并发气胸行管引流治疗效果观察

目的:研究CT引导下经皮肺穿刺活检术后并发气胸的细管胸腔闭式引流治疗效果。方法:对某院自2001年1月至2005年9月CT引导下经皮肺穿刺活检术后发生的53例气胸患者中有较明显胸闷、气促的6例患者进行细管(选用16号20cm长中心静脉导管)胸腔闭式引流的疗效观察。结果:6例患者气胸全部治愈,肺复张时间(指插管至肺完全复张所需时间)1～3天,效果满意,未出现并发症。结论:CT引导下经皮肺穿刺活检使用细针(20G切割针),并发气胸时胸膜破裂口较小,往往形成闭合性气胸,使用细管胸腔闭式引流治疗不仅取材容易,操作简便,病人痛苦少,而且疗效满意,无并发症,值得临床推广使用。     

胸围与氧通气当量及其相关参数间的关系

考察胸围与氧通气当量及其相关参数间的关系.受试者为197名汉族成年男性.测定其安静状态下胸围(平静呼气末)、身高、体重、肺通气量、摄氧量和氧通气当量.结果显示:在控制协变量前后,胸围皆与氧通气当量无关(所有P≥0.67);在控制协变量之前,胸围与肺通气量和摄氧量关联(所有P＜0.001),但在控制身体质量指数(BMI)...     

哑铃飞鸟与杠铃推举交替练习对发展胸肌的影响

为了解哑铃飞鸟与杠铃平卧推举交替练习的健身方法对发展胸肌的影响,随机选取吉首市名人俱乐部健身男学员30名为实验组、30名为对照组,两组年龄及身体状况相似。结果表明:实验组学员胸围大小、杠铃最大推举负荷和30 s杠铃80%最大负荷推举次数均明显高于对照组。这种健身方法对胸肌的形态结构和机能改善均有明显效果,是一种简单易学、易被大众接受的健身方法。     

手法+樟脑膏治疗胸部软组织挫伤

胸肋软组织挫伤，是对抗性较强的运动员身体接触较频繁的运动项目中常见的一种损伤，理论结合实际，采用传统医学的手法加樟脑膏进行治疗，疗效显，是一种容易掌握和便于推广的治疗方法。     

Assessment of internal mammary artery injury after blunt chest trauma: a literature review

The occurrence, bleeding, and treatment of internal mammary artery (IMA) injury after blunt chest trauma have not been well described in the literature. We reviewed articles published from July 1977 to February 2014 describing IMA injury after blunt chest trauma in 49 patients. There was a predominant incidence in males and on the left side. Blunt trauma to the IMA can cause anterior mediastinal hematoma, hemothorax, pseudoaneurysm, arteriovenous fistula, and extra-pleural hematoma. Of the 49 patients studied, 20 underwent embolization, 22 underwent surgical operation, 4 were managed by clinical observation, and 3 had undescribed treatment. Different parts and extents of IMA injury, adjacent vein injury, as well as the integrity of the pleura determined differences in bleeding modality. Prompt diagnosis, complete hemostasis, aggressive resuscitation, and multidisciplinary teams are recommended for patients with IMA injury.     

论歌唱中的共鸣

共鸣在歌唱中按腔体位置可分为头腔共鸣、鼻腔共鸣、口腔共鸣和胸腔共鸣。共鸣与音高、音量、音色的关系密切,各声区中正确运用共鸣,可使音色更加优美。