社会排斥与农村体育贫困

农村体育是发展群众体育的重要组成部分,体育贫困问题是阻碍农村体育发展的瓶颈,而社会排斥是造成农村体育贫困的根源.通过对农村体育贫困现状的审视,基于社会排斥理论,从经济、制度、文化教育、组织等4个维度来探讨造成农村体育贫困的原因,并提出反对社会排斥与解决农村体育贫困的对策,以期丰富城乡体育统筹发展的理论研究,为体育体制改革提供参考.     

北京市农民工子女学校体育硬件设施条件现状调查与分析

本文综合运用多种研究方法,对北京市农民工子女学校体育的物质条件进行了调查,结果表明：北京市打工子弟学校的体育经费、场地、器材严重缺乏,绝大部分学校都无法满足体育教学和课外体育活动的需要。针对调查结果提出改善现状的几条建议。     

"以心为乐":李渔的养生美学观

李渔把“以心为乐”作为他养生的美学观,这既是李渔人生观的一种表现,又是他修心养性的方法。“以心为乐”的养生美学观中,包含着中国文化中许多传统的哲学思想,李渔既延承着前人的思想,又融会贯通,将自己的生活经验掺和其中,因此形成了他独特的养生方法。     

The perpetrators of medical child abuse (Munchausen Syndrome by Proxy) – A systematic review of 796 cases

IntroductionLittle is known about the perpetrators of medical child abuse (MCA) which is often described as “Munchausen’s syndrome by proxy” or “factitious disorder imposed on another”. The demographic and clinical characteristics of these abusers have yet to be described in a sufficiently large sample. We aimed to address this issue through a systematic review of case reports and series in the professional literature.MethodA systematic search for case reports and series published since 1965 was undertaken using MEDLINE, Web of Science and EMBASE. 4100 database records were screened. A supplementary search was then conducted using GoogleScholar and reference lists of eligible studies. Our search yielded a total sample of 796 perpetrators: 309 from case reports and 487 from case series. Information extracted included demographic and clinical characteristics, in addition to methods of abuse and case outcomes.ResultsNearly all abusers were female (97.6%) and the victim’s mother (95.6%). Most were married (75.8%). Mean caretaker age at the child’s presentation was 27.6 years. Perpetrators were frequently reported to be in healthcare-related professions (45.6%), to have had obstetric complications (23.5%), or to have histories of childhood maltreatment (30%). The most common psychiatric diagnoses recorded were factitious disorder imposed on self (30.9%), personality disorder (18.6%), and depression (14.2%).ConclusionsFrom the largest analysis of MCA perpetrators to date, we provide several clinical recommendations. In particular, we urge clinicians to consider mothers with a personal history of childhood maltreatment, obstetric complications, and/or factitious disorder at heightened risk for MCA. Longitudinal studies are required to establish the true prognostic value of these factors as our method may have been vulnerable to publication bias.     

Low-achieving (learning disabled) pupils in year 2 of the primary school in Hungary

We selected 60 low-achieving children from a sample of 263 pupils in Year 2 of the primary school in order to analyse the problems of learning disabilities. We explored two questions: whether teachers evaluate the pupils' school performances correctly; and what kind of relationship exists between the low-achieving pupils' cognitive abilities and their school performance. Methods used were questionnaires, pedagogical tests and traditional psychological tests. We obtained the following results: the teachers generally evaluate the pupils' school performance fairly well, but they are inclined to assume a close correlation between the achievements in different subjects, and the teachers' knowledge of the low-achieving children is more reliable regarding the group of pupils as a whole rather than each pupil individually; and the low-achieving pupils' cognitive learning abilities prove to be significantly weaker than their general intellectual abilities.     

Open plan

This study reports on an investigation into the impact of strategy-based English language instruction (SBELI) on the language proficiency of gifted learners. The participants were students who were identified as gifted and thus received additional out-of-school training for a few days a week in Adana Science and Arts Centre. Their ages ranged from 10 to 13. One experimental group (n = 17) and one control group (n = 17) were designed to explore the possible English performance differences between the learners who were exposed to SBELI, which included 11 language-learning strategies for eight weeks, and those who were not. Data were collected through proficiency exams, written accounts of participants in the experimental group, think-aloud protocols and an open-ended questionnaire. The findings obtained revealed that SBELI produced a positive impact on the language proficiency of the gifted students and enabled them to enhance their already established attitude to make their language learning quick, easy, effective and enjoyable.     

Physician‐patient communication: Mutual role expectations

This study examined physician‐patient communication as it relates to expectations that patients and physicians hold for themselves and each other. Dimensions of mutual role expectation were determined to be physician as humanistic practitioner, physician authority, patient in the sick role, and patient as consumer. The study tested five hypotheses. Results showed patients had significantly higher expectations for patients in the sick role than had physicians. Other role expectations varied significantly by age within physician and patient groups. The implications of these differences for physician‐patient communication are discussed.     

Judgment‐Based Scoring by Teachers as Professional Development: Distinguishing Promises from Proof

The engagement of teachers as raters to score constructed response items on assessments of student learning is widely claimed to be a valuable vehicle for professional development. This paper examines the evidence behind those claims from several sources, including research and reports over the past two decades, information from a dozen state educational agencies regarding past and ongoing involvement of teachers in scoring‐related activities as of 2001, and interviews with educators who served a decade or more ago for one state's innovative performance assessment program. That evidence reveals that the impact of scoring experience on teachers is more provisional and nuanced than has been suggested. The author identifies possible issues and implications associated with attempts to distill meaningful skills and knowledge from hand‐scoring training and practice, along with other forms of teacher involvement in assessment development and implementation. The paper concludes with a series of research questions that—based on current and proposed practice for the coming decade—seem to the author to require the most immediate attention.     

独生子女大学生的体质状况及对策

大量的数据表明独生子女大学生的体质状况不容乐观。造成这种现象的原因主观上是独生子女大学生体育观念匮乏、健康意识淡漠,客观上是各方面的呵护太多、作业量大、运动少,为此,提出了增强独生子女大学生的体育观念、健康意识,养成良好的生活卫生习惯,建立形式多样的体育教学模式,提高独生子女科学锻炼身体的知识和技能,并改革教学内容和课程体系,建立一支高素质地教师队伍,增加教育投资等对策。     

论图书馆工作应以读者为本

读者的要求是图书馆发展的动力,随着现代文明的不断发展,“以读者为本”的办馆思想,将逐步融于图书馆的各项工作之中,成为引领21世纪图书馆发展的新理念。