过度运动与肾脏

在过度运动的状态下,肾脏自由基代谢增强,肾小球基底膜和足细胞足突间裂孔隔膜(slit diaphragm,SD)的结构发生改变,通透性增加。裂孔隔膜的完整性是决定肾小球滤过屏障通透性的关键,已发现有多个足细胞相关分子参与了运动性蛋白尿的生成。阐述过度运动对肾脏损伤的影响,并探讨可能的分子机制与足细胞相关分子(Podocyte associatedmolecules)的关系。     

Development and reliability of the KIM cycling scale – a measurement tool for the development process to cycling independently

ABSTRACT

Background: Cycling has gained more attention as an important lifelong physical activity. Learning to cycle independently without assistance is a milestone for most children that requires time and practice to master. Cycling was recently added to the motor development model and so a valid and reliable measure of cycling ability is required to allow accurate assessment of the skill. Cycling has many health benefits along with being a commonly reported physical activity globally and therefore is an important skill to promote in early childhood and throughout life. To date, there are no measurement tools examining the developmental process to independent cycling in the early childhood years. The current study aimed to develop and assess the inter-rater and test-retest reliability of the ‘KIM Cycling Scale’.

Methods: Development of the scale occurred in four phases: (1) development of criteria and stages, which used observation of children when learning to cycle and expert panels to develop the initial developmental stages, (2) review of instructions and criteria and pilot inter-rater and test-retest reliability, to ensure that the scale could be used as a standalone scale without requiring further instructions (3) cycling intervention, which allowed assessment of the developmental nature of children along the scale as they learn to cycle independently and to assess typical and alternate routes to independent cycling and (4) inter-rater and test-retest reliability.

Results: Ninety children took part in phase 1, thirty-six children took part in phase 2, seventy-four children took part in phase 3 and one hundred and forty-nine children took part in phase 4. All three hundred and forty-nine children were between 2 and 6 years. The developed scale included eight stages in total. The scale was found to have excellent inter-rater reliability (ICC?=?0.97, 95% CI?=?0.96–0.98) and good to excellent test-retest reliability [(ICC?=?0.91, 95% CI?=?0.87–0.94) & (ICC?=?0.90, 95% CI?=?0.85–0.93)]. Typical routes to independent cycling along the scale were examined and reported as being step-wise on all occasions except one where a two stage jump was as common as the step-wise route. Alternate routes were also reported.

Conclusion: The current study developed a reliable measurement tool for assessing children between 2 and 6 years of age on the developmental process to independent cycling. Having a cycling scale will allow teachers and practitioners to assess competence in cycling and moreover, track changes in skill development. Furthermore, parents could also use the scale to better understand and better asses their child’s progression when learning to cycle.     

幼儿园语言教育中网络资源的利用

幼儿园语言教育在学前教育中占据着重要的地位,对其他教育产生深远的影响。随着信息技术的发展,网络资源的开发和利用对新的教学改革起到一定的推动作用。网络资源丰富了语言教学的教学内容和教学手段,也减轻了教师的负担,充分弥补了传统语言教学的缺陷。但是,由于网络资源丰富多样,如何对网络资源进行筛选,利用网络资源实施有效的语言教育活动成为目前迫切需要解决的问题。     

Developing a measure to understand young children’s Internet cognition and cyber-safety awareness: a pilot test

Abstract

Advancements in technology have increased preschool children’s access to the Internet. Very little research has been conducted to identify pre-school-aged children’s understandings of the Internet and ramifications of being ‘online’. Without an understanding of children’s thinking about the Internet, it is difficult to provide age- and pedagogically appropriate cyber-safety education. This study developed and pilot-tested an interview schedule that focuses on the Internet thinking and cyber-safety awareness of Australian children aged 4–5 years. The schedule is informed by sociocultural theory, cyber-safety education research and approaches for researching with young children. The schedule shows potential to elicit children’s understandings of the Internet and cyber-safety awareness. Adjustments are required to allow more contextualised responses from children.     

世界体操冠军程菲少儿时期训练特点

程菲已成为闻名世界的优秀体操运动员,她在武汉体育学院从事过两年多的初中级体操训练。实践证明,重视思想教育,关心队员学习与生活,扎实抓好全面的、基础的训练内容是培养优秀体操运动员的成功之路。程菲少儿时期的训练特点可为少儿体操运动员的基础训练提供有益的启示。     

幼儿教师的素质、应对方式与幼儿问题行为的相关研究

目的筛查影响幼儿心理健康的因素,为幼儿教师完善其教育实践提供心理学依据。方法选取沧州第二幼儿园100名教师和230名幼儿进行问卷调查,用SPss12．0对调查结果进行统计分析。结论幼儿问题行为有显著的性别差异和年龄差异;教师素质中的情绪因子和应对方式中的解决问题方式与幼儿的问题行为存在显著的负相关。合理化方式与幼儿的问题行为存在显著的正相关。     

儿童中期依恋的变化及其测量

作为一种生命全程的现象,依恋一直是心理学研究者关注的焦点之一,但近半个世纪的依恋研究文献却相对鲜有儿童中期依恋的深入分析。与婴幼儿时期相比,儿童中期的依恋呈现出依恋行为频率、引发条件、依恋对象范围等多方面的变化,这些变化给这个阶段的依恋研究带来诸多挑战,最后介绍了儿童中期依恋测量的现状并对未来研究进行了展望。     

The impacts of an early mathematics curriculum on oral language and literacy

Competence in early mathematics is crucial for later school success. Although research indicates that early mathematics curricula improve children's mathematics skill, such curricula's impacts on oral language and early literacy skills are not known. This project is the first to investigate the effects of an intensive pre-kindergarten mathematics curriculum, Building Blocks, on the oral language and letter recognition of children participating in a large-scale cluster randomized trial project. Results showed no evidence that children who were taught mathematics using the curriculum performed differently than control children who received the typical district mathematics instruction on measures of letter recognition, and on two of the oral language (story retell) subtests, sentence length and inferential reasoning (emotive content). However, children in the Building Blocks group outperformed children in the control group on four oral language subtests: ability to recall key words, use of complex utterances, willingness to reproduce narratives independently, and inferential reasoning (practical content).     

The Literacy Early Action Project (LEAP): exploring factors underpinning progress with literacy for a child in his first year of school

In this article, Anthony Feiler, senior lecturer in the Graduate School of Education at the University of Bristol, and Elaine Logan, lecturer in early years education at the City of Bristol College, present a case study of a child who made strong progress with literacy during his first year at school. The child and his family participated in the Literacy Early Action Project (LEAP), a home-visiting scheme for children judged by school staff to be at risk of struggling with literacy. A teaching assistant made weekly home visits during the year and developed literacy support activities with the child's mother and grandparents. Five key factors underpinning the child's progress are identified here: the flexibility in the teaching assistant's approach that enabled extended family members to become engaged in literacy support; the teaching assistant's sensitivity to family culture; the playful approach to learning adopted by the teaching assistant; putting the child at the centre of the intervention; and the existence of a school culture that strongly promoted involvement for parents. Anthony Feiler and Elaine Logan conclude that teaching assistants in the UK might be given more scope to develop support strategies for early childhood education that involve collaborative work with parents.     

Experimental evaluation of the effects of cooperative learning on kindergarten children's mathematics ability

The aims of this study were to investigate the effects of cooperative learning on the mathematics ability and cooperative social behaviours of kindergarten children and to evaluate teachers’ perspectives on the application of the program. One control (n = 17) and one experimental group (n = 17) were studied. In the experimental group, a curriculum based on cooperative learning method activities was used. Significant improvements in mathematics abilities were found for children in the experimental group that utilised cooperative learning.