How to respond to journalists’ questions? A new perspective on Chinese premiers’ aggressiveness at press conferences (1993–2015)

This study extends the framework describing journalists’ aggressiveness at politicians’ press conference and develops five dimensions to measure politicians’ aggressiveness in response to journalists’ questions (initiative, directness, assertiveness, adversarialness, and accountability). Using the records from Chinese premiers’ press conferences (1993–2015), this research investigates five factors which might affect premiers’ aggressiveness: the administrative life cycle, economic conditions, journalists’ country of origin, the topic of questions, and number of questions. The results show that premiers exhibit less assertiveness during honeymoon periods and more assertiveness in other years. Premiers are more adversarial amid good economic growth but less adversarial during poor economic growth. They are more assertive and adversarial in response to questions related to politics and the military and less so in response to questions related to other areas. Premiers display more initiative and accountability toward journalists who ask more questions and less toward those who ask fewer questions. Premiers are more assertive and adversarial toward journalists from developed countries but less so toward those from developing countries. Over the past 23 years, premiers’ initiative, directness, and adversarialness have decreased while their accountability has gradually increased. The theoretical contributions of this research are discussed.     

对儿童"代声音"的解读

在儿童“100种语言”中，儿童的每一种声音都充满了童趣。作为非真实的表达，“代声音”即是其中一种。本文拟通过探索儿童“代声音”背后的意义，为幼儿和谐发展之教育提供有价值的依据。     

儿童:特殊的文学接受群体

儿童作为一个特殊的文学接受群体，呈现着不同于成人的文学接受特点。个体阅读需要、作品吸引力和成人引导是促成儿童主动的或被动的阅读动机。在阅读兴趣选择上儿童表现出明显的渐变性和群体差异性。形象思维是儿童文学接受的主要思维形式。以直接印象介入作品，从故事层面感知而不以理性去判断作品是儿童文学接受中的主要特点。与成人相比，儿童阅读活动还明显带有感性冲动性，即情感性。     

少儿初学者的新型游泳背漂的设计与应用

针对现有背漂舒适度差、阻力大、易上滑的缺点,意在改良和设计一款新型背漂--鳍翼。采用观察法、问卷调查法、实验法,运用流体力学、运动生物力学原理,对新型背漂进行调查和实验研究。调查结果显示,与现有背漂相比,新型背漂舒适度良好。实验结果显示,与现有背漂相比,新型背漂出现系带滑落的次数、背漂上滑距离明显较少（P＜0.05）,且在25 m蛙泳腿测试中,实验组佩戴新型背漂的25 m蛙泳腿游进速度比对照组佩戴原有背漂的游进速度快,并存在显著性差异（P＜0.05）。研究结果表明新型背漂比原有背漂的阻力小,结构更优化,有利于学员更快、更安全地学习游泳,也有利于提高教练的教学效果。     

儿童单纯性肥胖的运动干预原理与方法研究

儿童肥胖率持续上升已经成为一个全球性问题,引起了社会各界的高度关注。为能够让更多人了解运动的减肥原理,正确应用运动减肥的方法,有效预防、干预儿童单纯性肥胖,依据儿童身心发展的特征和规律,对儿童单纯性肥胖的危害、诊断方法、表现特征、诱发原因,以及运动干预的原理和方法,做了详细的分析和阐释。     

Accelerometer data requirements for reliable estimation of habitual physical activity and sedentary time of children during the early years - a worked example following a stepped approach

This study presents a worked example of a stepped process to reliably estimate the habitual physical activity and sedentary time of a sample of young children. A total of 299 children (2.9 ± 0.6 years) were recruited. Outcome variables were daily minutes of total physical activity, sedentary time, moderate to vigorous physical activity and proportional values of each variable. In total, 282 (94%) provided 3 h of accelerometer data on ≥1 day and were included in a 6-step process: Step-1: determine minimum wear-time; Step-2: process 7-day-data; Step-3: determine the inclusion of a weekend day; Step-4: examine day-to-day variability; Step-5: calculate single day intraclass correlation (ICC) (2,1); Step-6: calculate number of days required to reach reliability. Following the process the results were, Step-1: 6 h was estimated as minimum wear-time of a standard day. Step-2: 98 (32%) children had ≥6 h wear on 7 days. Step-3: no differences were found between weekdays and weekend days (P ≥ 0.05). Step-4: no differences were found between day-to-day variability (P ≥ 0.05). Step-5: single day ICC’s (2,1) ranged from 0.48 (total physical activity and sedentary time) to 0.53 (proportion of moderate to vigorous physical activity). Step-6: to reach reliability (ICC = 0.7), 3 days were required for all outcomes. In conclusion following a 7 day wear protocol, ≥6 h on any 3 days was found to have acceptable reliability. The stepped-process offers researchers a method to derive sample-specific wear-time criterion.     

中欧体育健康项目“健康儿童?健康社会”研究

“健康儿童?健康社会”（HCSC）是在欧盟体育健康发展准则下,构建由家庭、学校、体育组织、地区政府等诸多部门组成的复合体系,通过降低BMI值减少超重,改善运动能力,进而提高个人生活质量。主要通过对HCSC项目的历史发展进行论述,对HCSC的核心理念、组织构架、运作模式3方面进行剖析,并以中国实验学校为例,对实验干预前后学生的身体健康指标进行对比分析,旨为国内相关领域研究抛砖引玉。     

中外女排比赛接拦回球效果及失误原因的比较分析

中外女排比赛中接拦回球数量仍然较多,占扣球总数的14%左右,比赛中80%左右的拦回球落在3m线前区域。中国女排接拦回球的效果好于日本女排、塞尔维亚女排和多米尼加女排,但与巴西女排、美国女排相比差距较大,同俄罗斯女排、意大利女排接拦回球的效果相差不大。接拦回球失误的主要原因有接拦回球队员反应跟不上造成无防守动作形成失误,其次是接拦回球队员防守意识不强未及时进入防守位置形成失误。中国女排应加强接拦回球跟进保护意识培养,努力提高各种倒地和单手垫球技术,从而提高接拦回球能力。     

第17届排球世锦赛中外女排进攻效果对比研究

运用录像观察、数理统计和对比分析等方法,对中外女排在第17届世锦赛中扣球技战术运用情况进行研究。结果表明：中国女排是以两边拉开进攻为主并结合高度与速度等快变战术为一体的技战术打法;进攻战术的总体运用效果十分理想,与其他各国相比扣死率较高且失误率低;后排攻在比赛中展现出了强大的实力,但在强攻和快攻方面与巴西、美国等欧美强队相比还存在一定差距。建议中国女排应进一步加强对强攻能力的训练,尤其要努力丰富年轻队员的大赛阅历以保证其技术发挥的稳定性;在面对欧美强队时应努力提高一传到位率,并加强进攻队员之间的掩护配合,使各种快变战术能够在比赛中得到有效发挥,并尽量避免自身进攻方式及手段的单一化。     

狄更斯笔下的儿童教育问题

狄更斯一生写了二十多部小说 ,提出了方方面面的社会问题 ,其中对儿童的教育问题提得特别多。在作品中他极力为苦难儿童呐喊 ,强烈呼吁社会、学校及家庭重视儿童的教育问题 ,关心并帮助儿童健康成长。