论自我教育在大学新生适应教育中的实践

本文通过对贵州大学202名新生进行开放式问卷的调查研究,总结分析了学分制下大学新生出现的不适应现象,并有针对性地提出了一些教育引导的对策和方法。自我教育作为教育的最高境界,是培养人才的有效手段,也是自我成功的必要条件。高校应该紧紧抓住当今大学生的时代特征,全面、高效地开展大学新生自我教育,促使其更好更快地适应大学生活。     

Rapid phenotypic evolution with shallow genomic differentiation during early stages of high elevation adaptation in Eurasian Tree Sparrows

Known as the ‘third polar region’, the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau represents one of the harshest highland environments in the world and yet a number of organisms thrive there. Previous studies of birds, animals and humans have focused on well-differentiated populations in later stages of phenotypic divergence. The adaptive processes during the initial phase of highland adaptation remain poorly understood. We studied a human commensal, the Eurasian Tree Sparrow, which has followed human agriculture to the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau. Despite strong phenotypic differentiation at multiple levels, in particular in muscle-related phenotypes, highland and lowland populations show shallow genomic divergence and the colonization event occurred within the past few thousand years. In a one-month acclimation experiment investigating phenotypic plasticity, we exposed adult lowland tree sparrows to a hypoxic environment and did not observe muscle changes. Through population genetic analyses, we identified a signature of polygenic adaptation, whereby shifts in allele frequencies are spread across multiple loci, many of which are associated with muscle-related processes. Our results reveal a case of positive selection in which polygenic adaptation appears to drive rapid phenotypic evolution, shedding light on early stages of adaptive evolution to a novel environment.     

高等教育复归现象解读——兼论大学的适应与调节机制

在高等教育的发展历史进程中,很多曾被否定的教育理念或者教育实践,在经历了很长一段时间的沉寂后,又重新得到认可和重视,如高等教育国际化、人文主义、自由教育向通识教育转化、市场力量的增强、学术自由等。通过分析这些现象,我们可以发现,大学之所以能够存在和发展,最主要的原因在于其不断地适应社会和进行自我调节。     

翻译方法与文化渗透

从翻译方法的认知与发展视角,来认识翻译中"异化"与"归化"的问题,可以看出语言文化的多样化是势不可当的,翻译应顺应时代发展的要求,进行语言再创造,在读者接受的基础上,接纳和吸收外来文化,以促进本土文化和文化交际.翻译的方法不是一成不变的,不仅要注重原作的语言文字,更要注重渊源文化和本土文化的融和与渗透.     

传统的创造性转化——论徐棻《田姐与庄周》的改编特色

徐棻、胡成德同志所创编的川剧《田姐与庄周》,改编自传统剧目《大劈棺》,被称为“化腐朽为神奇”的一出好戏。川剧《田姐与庄周》的成功改编是运用现代意识重审的方法来获得主题新生,以纵向开掘人性深度的方式来达成人物形象的重塑,在横向借鉴其他艺术形式手法的同时固守自身剧种特色等手段来实现传统文化的现代转换,《田姐与庄周》的成功改编为戏曲改革的深入发展提供参考。     

从顺应论看林语堂编译《论语》

根据维索尔伦提出的顺应观,译者的翻译行为是一系列动态的选择过程,译者的任务是顺应目标语读者的时间、语境和语言的结构特征,从而让其译作被目的语读者所接受,以达到文化交流的目的。林语堂有选择地编译了中国经典作品《论语》,其翻译行为顺应了当时目的语读者的时代背景、文化语境及语言特征,成功地实现了翻译目的。     

植物种子的传播方式及其适应性

种子传播是指种子以某种方式离开母株到达适宜生境萌发成苗实现定居的过程.种子传播方式有主动传播、被动传播,后者有风力传播、水力传播、动物传播、人类活动传播.植物种子的传播方式在很大程度上是与其生活环境相适应的,不同的生境有与此相适应的种子传播方式,种子的形态结构特点常与其传播方式相适应.在长期的协同进化中,传播种子的动物与植物之间形成了互惠共生关系,这对维持群落结构及其稳定性具有重要的意义.     

Learning and adaptation with regard to complementary medicine in a foreign context: Intercultural experiences of medical students from different cultural backgrounds

Little is known about challenges and transition that medical students from different cultural backgrounds face with regard to complementary medicine (CM). This paper explores such students’ experiences and perspectives of socio-cultural and academic difference with regard to CM and experiences of intercultural relations. Using a constructivist grounded theory approach, 30 in-depth qualitative interviews were conducted with medical students across 10 Australian medical schools. The data were rigorously analysed through a systematic process of coding, categorisation and theoretical development. The findings indicate that students adapted considerably to the host culture. Students with Western backgrounds integrated better socio-culturally and academically compared to students with non-Western backgrounds. Although nationality represented cultural identity, students’ construction of cultural difference was informed by their perception of diverging value systems within the specific educational environment. These values were, in turn, reflected in students’ reported behaviours, attitudes, and levels of engagement in socio-cultural and academic aspects of university life. Adaptation employed by students was evidenced largely due to their conflicting sense of responsibility towards familial culture regarding CM and focus on fitting in. While students’ tendency to gravitate towards cultural peers was evident, most students adapted to their host environment regarding CM to fit into normal intercultural encounters during medical school. In conclusion, students’ intercultural contact with regard to CM was both complex and problematic. At a time of significant diversification within the higher education student body, this paper highlights the role medical education institutions can play in fostering intercultural and academic guidance and support.     

Cultural Identification and Religious Identification Contribute Differentially to the Adaptation of Australian Adolescent Muslims

Australian Muslims are generally perceived as a devalued group in Australia and the public attitudes towards them are generally negative. This context raises questions about belonging and adaptation among Australian adolescent Muslims. The current study investigated how adolescent Muslims relate to their heritage culture, religion, and Australian culture, and which of these three factors is most important to adolescent Muslims’ psychological and socio-cultural adaptation. The study employed a mixed-method design. A total of 321 high school Muslim students (149 males and 172 females) aged between 14 and 18 years completed self-report questionnaires, and a subset sample of 18 students in the same age range, evenly split between males and females, participated in semi-structured interviews. The study revealed a hierarchical pattern of identification among Australian adolescent Muslims, with attachment to their religion being the most important, followed by heritage culture identification and being Australian in third place. Australian adolescent Muslims’ religious identification was perceived overall as more crucial to their socio-cultural and psychological adaptation, than their heritage culture identification or Australian identification. There was an overall modest contribution of Australian identification to adolescent Muslims’ adaptation. This might be connected with the relatively less attachment they show to their Australian identity due maybe to perception of being the target of prejudice, an issue that can be addressed by implementation of prejudice reduction strategies.