How Haptics and Drawing Enhance the Learning of Anatomy

Students’ engagement with two-dimensional (2D) representations as opposed to three-dimensional (3D) representations of anatomy such as in dissection, is significant in terms of the depth of their comprehension. This qualitative study aimed to understand how students learned anatomy using observational and drawing activities that included touch, called haptics. Five volunteer second year medical students at the University of Cape Town participated in a six-day educational intervention in which a novel “haptico-visual observation and drawing” (HVOD) method was employed. Data were collected through individual interviews as well as a focus group discussion. The HVOD method was successfully applied by all the participants, who reported an improvement of their cognitive understanding and memorization of the 3D form of the anatomical part. All the five participants described the development of a “mental picture” of the object as being central to “deep learning.” The use of the haptic senses coupled with the simultaneous act of drawing enrolled sources of information that were reported by the participants to have enabled better memorization. We postulate that the more sources of information about an object, the greater degree of complexity could be appreciated, and therefore the more clearly it could be captured and memorized. The inclusion of haptics has implications for cadaveric dissection versus non-cadaveric forms of learning. This study was limited by its sample size as well as the bias and position of the researchers, but the sample of five produced a sufficient amount of data to generate a conceptual model and hypothesis.     

The Effectiveness of an Augmented Reality Head-Mounted Display in Learning Skull Anatomy at a Community College

Despite an increase in the use of technology in undergraduate anatomy education, and the rising popularity of online anatomy courses at community colleges in the United States, there have been no reports on the efficacy of augmented reality on anatomy education in this population. The purpose of this study was to test the hypothesis that augmented reality is an effective and engaging tool for learning anatomy in community college students. Participants recruited from Cuyahoga Community College (Cleveland, OH) studied skull anatomy using either traditional tools (i.e., textbook and plastic skull model) or an augmented reality head-mounted display with an interactive virtual skull application. Comparison of knowledge before and following the study period revealed that augmented reality was an effective tool for learning skull anatomy: pre-quiz = 32.7% (± 25.2); mean (± SD), post-quiz = 61.8% (± 19.5); n = 15; t₍₂₈₎ = 3.53; P = 0.001. The traditional tools were equally effective: pre-quiz = 44.9 % (± 18.6), post-quiz = 67.9 % (± 17.3); n = 17; t₍₃₂₎ = 3.73; P = 0.0007. Students rated the augmented reality device as 9.6 (± 1.0); mean (± SD) when asked if it fit the statement “fun to use” on a semantic differential scale from 1 (poor) to 10 (excellent). In conclusion, this study found that augmented reality is an effective and engaging tool for the instruction of skull anatomy at a community college.     

Assessment of Middle Ear Anatomy Teaching Methodologies Using Microscopy versus Endoscopy: A Randomized Comparative Study

Teaching methodologies for the anatomy of the middle ear have not been investigated greatly due to the middle ear’s highly complex structure and hidden location inside of the temporal bone. The aim of this randomized study was to quantitatively compare the suitability of using microscope- and endoscope-based methods for teaching the anatomy of the middle ear. We hypothesize that the endoscopic approach will be more efficient compared to the microscopic approach. To answer the study questions, 33 sixth-year medical students, residents and otorhinolaryngology specialists were randomized either into the endoscopy or the microscopy group. Their anatomical knowledge was assessed using a structured anatomical knowledge test before and after each session. Each participant received tutoring on a human cadaveric specimen using one of the two methods. They then performed a hands-on dissection. After 2–4 weeks, the same educational curriculum was repeated using the other technique. The mean gains in anatomical knowledge for the specialists, residents, and medical students were +19.0%, +34.6%, and +23.4%, respectively. Multivariate analyses identified a statistically significant increase in performance for the endoscopic method compared to the microscopic technique (P < 0.001). For the recall of anatomical structures during dissection, the endoscopic method outperformed the microscopic technique independently of the randomization or the prior training level of the attendees (P < 0.001). In conclusion, the endoscopic approach to middle ear anatomy education is associated to an improved gain in knowledge as compared to the microscopic approach. The participants subjectively preferred the endoscope for educational purposes.     

医学图书馆嵌入式服务的尝试与思考——以齐齐哈尔医学院图书馆为例

[目的/意义]基于嵌入式服务理念，设计医学图书馆嵌入式服务框架，并尝试进行嵌入式服务实践，对医学图书馆开展嵌入式服务具有借鉴意义。[方法/过程]通过研究嵌入式服务模式的原理、发展历程以及服务模型，根据读者需求和初期的嵌入式服务实践设计医学图书馆嵌入式服务框架，在这一框架下，研究不同领域的嵌入式服务内容、角色及医学图书馆服务的可延伸拓展性，并论述在这个嵌入式服务框架指导下开展的嵌入式服务实践和取得的服务效果。[结果/结论]在嵌入式服务模式下， "图书馆是一个生长的有机体"，图书馆生产力得以提升，馆员新生职业范围将不断扩大，个性化的嵌入式服务模式是未来医学图书馆服务的发展方向。     

临床医学课程知识主题图谱构建研究

[目的/意义]从知识主题的角度切入,建立全面的课程知识体系,解决现有课程体系设计和教学中的课程间知识点重复及"知识孤岛"问题,从而有效开展专业知识服务。[方法/过程]以临床医学专业主干课程为研究对象,基于医学主题词表、电子教材、电子教案等医学教育数据,通过LDA模型挖掘课程中的知识主题,利用关联分析揭示课程间、知识主题间及课程与知识主题间的细粒度关联,从而构建临床医学课程知识主题图谱。[结果/结论]研究从专业课程体系与知识主题视角构建出领域知识图谱,有助于教学管理人员及师生掌握专业知识体系,开展知识导向型教学活动,推进医学领域知识组织与服务及智慧医学教育发展。     

Dissecting through Barriers: A Follow-up Study on the Long-Term Effects of Interprofessional Education in a Dissection Course with Healthcare Professional Students

Several studies have shown significant improvements in the attitudes and perceptions of healthcare professional students toward interprofessional education (IPE) immediately following intervention with IPE courses. However, there remains little evidence on the lasting effects of IPE courses and the long-term influences of these IPE experiences are poorly documented. The purpose of this study is to assess the long-term effects of an intensive, ten-week interprofessional gross anatomy dissection course at McMaster University. Attitudes and perceptions of past participants towards interprofessional learning were evaluated, now that they have started working with other healthcare professionals outside of the IPE course setting. Thirty-four past participants who have clinical experience working in interprofessional settings or are currently working in the healthcare field completed a follow-up questionnaire consisting of a modified Readiness for Interprofessional Learning Scale (RIPLS) and open-ended questions. Quantitative analysis revealed a significant decrease in their attitude towards teamwork and collaboration and respect for other health professions, but a significant improvement in their understanding of roles and responsibilities compared to their results immediately after the IPE intervention. Qualitative analysis of open-ended questions revealed several themes such as developing interprofessional competencies, developing relationships, and remembering the strengths of the IPE dissection course. The results of this study indicate that the IPE experience in anatomy was highly valued by the students and that past participants maintain a clear understanding of their scope of practice, but the reality of clinical practice may have eroded gains made in the program. Anat Sci Educ. © 2018 American Association of Anatomists.     

Dissection in the Modern Medical Curriculum: An Exploration into Student Perception and Adaptions for the Future

For centuries cadaveric dissection has been a cornerstone of medical anatomy education. However, time and financial limitations in modern, compressed medical curricula, coupled with the abundance of alternate modalities, have raised questions about the role of dissection. This study was designed to explore student perceptions of the efficacy of a dissection program for learning musculoskeletal anatomy, and possible adaptations for appropriate inclusion of dissection in the modern medical curricula. A paper-based questionnaire was used to collect data from 174 medical students after completion of cadaveric dissections. Data were analyzed using both quantitative and qualitative methods. Students strongly believed that cadaver-based learning is essential to anatomy education and modern teaching modalities only complement this. Moreover, most students reported that dissection provided an additional, immersive learning experience that facilitated active learning and helped in developing manual competencies. Students with previous dissection experience or an interest in anatomy-related specialties were significantly more likely to attend dissection sessions. Students found that the procedural dissection components enhanced the knowledge of applied anatomy and is beneficial for the development of clinical skills. They welcomed the idea of implementing more procedure-based dissections alongside lectures and prosections-based practical (PBP) sessions. Cadaveric dissection plays an integral role in medical anatomy education. Time restraints and an increased focus on clinical significance, however, demand carefully considered adaptations of existing dissection protocols. The introduction of procedure-based dissection offers an innovative, highly engaging and clinically relevant package that would amalgamate skills essential to medical practice while retaining the benefits that have allowed dissection to stand the test of time.     

Supervisor Cultural Humility Predicts Intentional Nondisclosure by Post-Master's Counselors

The authors examined supervisor cultural humility as a predictor of supervisee intentional nondisclosure. Using multiple regression in a sample of 101 post-master's counselors, the authors found that 20% of supervisees' intentional nondisclosure was explained by their perceptions of their supervisors' level of cultural humility.     

医学期刊中图片编辑加工的方法与原则——以《临床皮肤科杂志》为例

通过总结《临床皮肤科杂志》的图片编辑加工流程、办刊实践中图片选用及预处理的策略,分析图片编辑中各种常见问题及相应解决方法.高质量的图片编辑须基于科学的编排原则、标准化的编辑加工流程,严格的图片选用标准、预处理操作以及结合专业方向的图片调色技能,以保证图片的真实性及客观性,而这需要掌握娴熟的图像软件操作技能和专业的临床学科知识.     

临床医学专业“新生研讨课”实践与反思

“新生研讨课”是本科教育中新兴起的一种引导性的大学启蒙教育课程。山东大学在借鉴美国和国内“新生研讨课”开设经验的基础上,通过3轮教学实践,探索出适合临床医学专业“新生研讨课”的教学模式,这一模式有助于临床医学专业大学生完成由中学阶段向大学阶段的角色转换。