Low-achieving (learning disabled) pupils in year 2 of the primary school in Hungary

We selected 60 low-achieving children from a sample of 263 pupils in Year 2 of the primary school in order to analyse the problems of learning disabilities. We explored two questions: whether teachers evaluate the pupils' school performances correctly; and what kind of relationship exists between the low-achieving pupils' cognitive abilities and their school performance. Methods used were questionnaires, pedagogical tests and traditional psychological tests. We obtained the following results: the teachers generally evaluate the pupils' school performance fairly well, but they are inclined to assume a close correlation between the achievements in different subjects, and the teachers' knowledge of the low-achieving children is more reliable regarding the group of pupils as a whole rather than each pupil individually; and the low-achieving pupils' cognitive learning abilities prove to be significantly weaker than their general intellectual abilities.     

Student Management of Web-Based Hypermedia Resources During Open-Ended Problem Solving

Abstract

Twelve middle school students' use of computer tools to manage and manipulate Internet-based hypermedia resources was investigated. Tools were proposed to support higher order thinking about hypermedia resources to help students find, frame, and resolve open-ended science problems. Tools alone were insufficient to help students manage hypermedia information for solving open-ended problems. Students more frequently applied lower order tool functions (e.g., information collection) than higher order tool functions (e.g., reasoning). Students typically resolved problems with original solutions, but tools were used infrequently to develop evidence-based arguments justifying new ideas. Computer tools alone may be insufficient to help students manage extensive hypermedia resources. Together with additional support structures, however, tool potential may be realized.     

Does STES‐Oriented Science Education Promote 10th‐Grade Students’ Decision‐Making Capability?

Today’s society is continuously coping with sustainability‐related complex issues in the Science‐Technology‐Environment‐Society (STES) interfaces. In those contexts, the need and relevance of the development of students’ higher‐order cognitive skills (HOCS) such as question‐asking, critical‐thinking, problem‐solving and decision‐making capabilities within science teaching have been argued by several science educators for decades. Three main objectives guided this study: (1) to establish “base lines” for HOCS capabilities of 10th grade students (n = 264) in the Israeli educational system; (2) to delineate within this population, two different groups with respect to their decision‐making capability, science‐oriented (n = 142) and non‐science (n = 122) students, Groups A and B, respectively; and (3) to assess the pre‐post development/change of students’ decision‐making capabilities via STES‐oriented HOCS‐promoting curricular modules entitled Science, Technology and Environment in Modern Society (STEMS). A specially developed and validated decision‐making questionnaire was used for obtaining a research‐based response to the guiding research questions. Our findings suggest that a long‐term persistent application of purposed decision‐making, promoting teaching strategies, is needed in order to succeed in affecting, positively, high‐school students’ decision‐making ability. The need for science teachers’ involvement in the development of their students’ HOCS capabilities is thus apparent.     

Textbook Evaluation from the Dimension of Psychological and Cognitive Development——Analvsis of the New Senior English Textbook Module 1 Unit 1 Friendship

This paper analy ses one unit of the NSET from one of the five dimensions proposed by Gao Lingbiao (GaoLingbiao,2002,27)--the dimension of psychological and cognitive development to see whether the content and tasks designed in this unit are actually reflecting the psychological and cognitive development of the language learners.     

跨民族文化新闻传播理念的认知与构建

本文探讨了在多民族文化共存的情况下,如何切实有效地实施新闻传播的问题.     

儿童归纳推理基础理论探索

儿童归纳推理基础之争,实质是信息加工自上而下还是自下而上的问题。在儿童归纳推理研究中应该重视概念知识的作用。概念发展对归纳推理研究有决定性的影响。将归纳推理按个体的知识领域丰富与否进行划分,分成知识丰富领域归纳推理和知识贫乏领域归纳推理。在知识贫乏领域内进行的归纳推理可能是基于知觉信息的,形成类似“像某某的东西有……属性”概念;在知识丰富领域内进行的归纳推理可能是基于概念或理论的,形成类似“某某类的东西有……属性”的概念。     

不同语言学流派的英语构词法研究

英语构词法研究领域共有三种不同的研究范式,分别隶属于结构主义语言学、生成语法以及认知语言学方向。通过对不同语言学流派下的英语构词法研究进行梳理,分析其各自研究的特点,并讨论了其中的差异,认为其差异集中体现在是否重视构词法研究,系统性研究构词法是否以意义为标准,研究对象是可能的词还是已经存在的词,以及具体的研究内容等四个方面。     

Falsification,Anomalies and the Naturalistic Approach to Cognitive Change

Science &; Education - It is generally assumed that the extraordinary impact of Thomas Kuhn's essay about scientific revolutions was due to the novelty of his concept of anomaly-driven...     

Validating Student Score Inferences With Person‐Fit Statistic and Verbal Reports: A Person‐Fit Study for Cognitive Diagnostic Assessment

The goal of this study was to investigate the usefulness of person‐fit analysis in validating student score inferences in a cognitive diagnostic assessment. In this study, a two‐stage procedure was used to evaluate person fit for a diagnostic test in the domain of statistical hypothesis testing. In the first stage, the person‐fit statistic, the hierarchy consistency index (HCI; Cui, 2007 ; Cui & Leighton, 2009 ), was used to identify the misfitting student item‐score vectors. In the second stage, students’ verbal reports were collected to provide additional information about students’ response processes so as to reveal the actual causes of misfits. This two‐stage procedure helped to identify the misfits of item‐score vectors to the cognitive model used in the design and analysis of the diagnostic test, and to discover the reasons of misfits so that students’ problem‐solving strategies were better understood and their performances were interpreted in a more meaningful way.     

体育锻炼和认知干预对贫困大学生心理健康的研究

通过各种量表、问卷、试验干预和数理统计等方法对贫困大学生进行调查、试验研究发现:认知行为疗法较体育锻炼能更有效地提高贫困生的心理健康;体育锻炼和认知行为疗法手段的综合运用,比单一采用一种干预方式也更加有效。